Development of the human penis and clitoris

Baskin, Laurence S.; Shen, Joel; Sinclair, Adriane; Cao, Mei; Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Isaacson, Dylan; Overland, Maya; Li, Yang; Cunha, Gerald R.

doi:10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.001

Cited by 87 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In females, a prepuce of sorts covers the dorsal aspect of the glans clitoris, formally called prepuce of the clitoris, which is absent on the ventral aspect of the clitoral glans (Clemente, 1985). It is likely that ventral preputial development may be dependent on formation of the glanular urethra which is androgen-dependent and only occurs in males (Baskin et al, 2018). Accordingly, we examined the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) as well as estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR1 and ESR2) and the progesterone receptor in the developing human prepuce.…”

Section: Morphogenesis Of the Preputial Laminamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of the human prepuce and its innervation

et al. 2020

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Development of the human prepuce was studied over the course of 9-17 weeks of gestation in 30 specimens. Scanning electron microscopy revealed subtle surface features that were associated with preputial development, namely the appearance of epidermal aggregates that appeared to be associated with formation of the preputial fold. Transverse and sagittal sections revealed that the epidermis of the glans is considerably thicker than that of the penile shaft. We described a novel morphogenetic mechanism of formation of the preputial lamina, namely the splitting of the thick epidermis of the glans into the preputial lamina and the epidermis via the intrusion of mesenchyme containing red blood cells and CD31-positive blood vessels. This process begins at 10-11 weeks of gestation in the proximal aspect of the glans and extends distally. The process is likely to be androgen-dependent and mediated via androgen receptors strategically localized to the morphogenetic process, but signaling through estrogen receptor may play a role. Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) has a very limited expression in the developing human glans and prepuce, while estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) is expressed more broadly in the developing preputial lamina, epidermis and urethra. Examination of the ontogeny of innervation of the glans penis and prepuce reveals the presence of the dorsal nerve of the penis as early as 9 weeks of gestation. Nerve fibers enter the glans penis proximally and extend distally over several weeks to eventually reach the distal aspect of the glans and prepuce by 14-16 weeks of gestation.

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Section: Morphogenesis Of the Preputial Laminamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epi. Tag = Epithelial tag, a transitory structure that eventually disappears (Baskin et al, 2018). Section (E) is a combined immunostain for CD31 (green) to reveal blood vessels and hemoglobin (red) to reveal red blood cells.…”

Section: Morphogenesis Of the Preputial Laminamentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the human prepuce and its innervation

et al. 2020

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“…Bartholin glands are like the bulbourethral glands in male. The female clitoris is like the penis of the males [13]. The hymen is the stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.…”

Section: Gross and Microscopic Anatomy Of The Vulva And Its Role In Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-architecture of the Female Reproductive System

Sikandar¹,

Ali²

2020

Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals

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The female reproductive system consists of the ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina. This chapter will discuss how these organs look like under the microscope and what types of ultrastructural tissues are present in it, how the shape and physiology of the tissues/cells change with the physiological activities including reproductive cycles, what type of alterations occurs in the ovary during ovulation and how its follicle and epithelium differ, and how the ovulation takes place. The chapter will also elaborate how the lining epithelium and the tract mucosa facilitate the fertilized ovum and conceptus. Also, the chapter is highlighting the architectural changes within the mucosa of the uterus during and after pregnancy and type of ovary and spermatozoa that is most suitable for fertilization.

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“…This is in marked contrast to humans, mice and rats in which phallus differentiation begins synchronously with prostatic, ductal, and testicular androgen production. During pregnancy in humans, the prostate and penis differentiate at about 10 weeks [32][33][34][35][36], at 16.5 to 17.5 days in mice [37][38][39][40][41], and at 17 to 19 days of gestation in rats [42,43]. The unique SHH increase might be a regulatory mechanism to constrain the onset of phallus dimorphism up to day 50 to 60 pp in the tammar and switch it on in the males at this time.…”

Section: The Shh Switchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal and Molecular Regulation of Phallus Differentiation in a Marsupial Tammar Wallaby

Chen

Renfree

2020

Genes

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Congenital anomalies in phalluses caused by endocrine disruptors have gained a great deal of attention due to its annual increasing rate in males. However, the endocrine-driven molecular regulatory mechanism of abnormal phallus development is complex and remains largely unknown. Here, we review the direct effect of androgen and oestrogen on molecular regulation in phalluses using the marsupial tammar wallaby, whose phallus differentiation occurs after birth. We summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying phallus differentiation mediated by sonic hedgehog (SHH) at day 50 pp and phallus elongation mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), as well as multiple phallus-regulating genes expressed after day 50 pp. We also identify hormone-responsive long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are co-expressed with their neighboring coding genes. We show that the activation of SHH and IGF1, mediated by balanced androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signalling, initiates a complex regulatory network in males to constrain the timing of phallus differentiation and to activate the downstream genes that maintain urethral closure and phallus elongation at later stages.

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Development of the human penis and clitoris

Cited by 87 publications

References 74 publications

Development of the human prepuce and its innervation

Development of the human prepuce and its innervation

Micro-architecture of the Female Reproductive System

Hormonal and Molecular Regulation of Phallus Differentiation in a Marsupial Tammar Wallaby

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