Development of the industrial synthesis of vitamin A

Parker, Gemma; Smith, Laura K.; Baxendale, Ian R.

doi:10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.029

Cited by 81 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Based on published reports, β-ionone is a metabolite of β-carotene and other carotenoids produced by enzymatic degradation [ 31 ]. It is also a precursor in the synthesis of vitamin A and β-carotene [ 32 , 33 ]. Recently, β-ionone has been reported to have vitamin A activity, exert anticarcinogenic and antitumor effects in human colon cancer cells [ 34 ], and reduce LPS-stimulated inflammation in murine BV-2 microglial cells [ 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Screening of Wild Bitter Melon Leaf for Anti-Inflammatory Activity against Cutibacterium acnes

et al. 2020

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Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) is a key pathogen involved in the development and progression of acne inflammation. The numerous bioactive properties of wild bitter melon (WBM) leaf extract and their medicinal applications have been recognized for many years. In this study, we examined the suppressive effect of a methanolic extract (ME) of WBM leaf and fractionated components thereof on live C. acnes-induced in vitro and in vivo inflammation. Following methanol extraction of WBM leaves, we confirmed anti-inflammatory properties of ME in C. acnes-treated human THP-1 monocyte and mouse ear edema models. Using a bioassay-monitored isolation approach and a combination of liquid–liquid extraction and column chromatography, the ME was then separated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water-soluble fractions. The hexane fraction exerted the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, suppressing C. acnes-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by 36%. The ethanol-soluble fraction (ESF), which was separated from the n-hexane fraction, significantly inhibited C. acnes-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated cellular IL-8 production. Similarly, the ESF protected against C. acnes-stimulated mouse ear swelling, as measured by ear thickness (20%) and biopsy weight (23%). Twenty-four compounds in the ESF were identified using gas chromatograph–mass spectrum (GC/MS) analysis. Using co-cultures of C. acnes and THP-1 cells, β-ionone, a compound of the ESF, reduced the production of IL-1β and IL-8 up to 40% and 18%, respectively. β-ionone also reduced epidermal microabscess, neutrophilic infiltration and IL-1β expression in mouse ear. We also found evidence of the presence of anti-inflammatory substances in an unfractionated phenolic extract of WBM leaf, and demonstrated that the ESF is a potential anti-inflammatory agent for modulating in vitro and in vivo C. acnes-induced inflammatory responses.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Screening of Wild Bitter Melon Leaf for Anti-Inflammatory Activity against Cutibacterium acnes

et al. 2020

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“…For comparison, the BASF route to citral, the fundamental buildingblock in the synthesis of vitaminA ,i nvolvest he synthesis of isoprenal through the aerobic oxidation of isoprenola t5 00 8Cw ith O 2 over aA g/ SiO 2 catalyst. [28] At the optimized reaction temperature of 55 8Ct he catalyst showed excellent stabilityr etaining its full activityi nt he conversion of representative benzyl alcohol over 8h of time-onstream ( Figure 5, top). Comparisono ft he EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectra of the fresh catalysta nd of the catalysta fter 2h on stream ( Figure 5, bottom) clearly showed that the decomposition of the sol-gele ntrapped nitroxyl radicals was negligible.…”

Section: Ormosil-entrapped Tempomentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Owing to the high reaction rates under the mild conditions requiring only 5 mol % HNO 3 as a co‐oxidant, the catalytic process turned out to be extremely selective even in the conversion of alcohol substrates that usually dehydrate under acidic conditions such as prenol or isoprenol. For comparison, the BASF route to citral, the fundamental building block in the synthesis of vitamin A, involves the synthesis of isoprenal through the aerobic oxidation of isoprenol at 500 °C with O 2 over a Ag/SiO 2 catalyst …”

Section: Innovative Oxidation Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sol–gel Entrapped Nitroxyl Radicals: Catalysts of Broad Scope

et al. 2018

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“…Lithium aluminium hydride is the most common lithium compound used as a reducing agent. It is used in reactions such as in the Birch reduction, Grignard-type reactions and in the synthesis of vitamin A [143]. Unlike other alkali metals, lithium is soluble in organic solvents like pyridine, diethyl ether, and 1-pentanol [115].…”

Section: Organolithium Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review

et al. 2018

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Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.

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Development of the industrial synthesis of vitamin A

Cited by 81 publications

References 43 publications

In Vitro and In Vivo Screening of Wild Bitter Melon Leaf for Anti-Inflammatory Activity against Cutibacterium acnes

In Vitro and In Vivo Screening of Wild Bitter Melon Leaf for Anti-Inflammatory Activity against Cutibacterium acnes

Sol–gel Entrapped Nitroxyl Radicals: Catalysts of Broad Scope

Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review

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