Development of the morphodynamics on Little Ice Age lateral moraines in 10 glacier forefields of the Eastern Alps since the 1950s

Abstract

Abstract. Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the middle of the 19th century, Alpine glaciers have been subject to severe recession that is enhanced by the recent global warming. The melting glaciers expose large areas with loose sediments in the form of lateral moraines, amongst other forms. Due to their instability and high slope angle, the lateral moraines are reworked by geomorphological processes such as debris flows, slides, or fluvial erosion. In this study, the development of the morphodynamics and changes in geomorphological processes on lateral moraines were observed over decades, based on a selection of 10 glacier forefields in the Eastern Alps. To identify geomorphological changes over time, several datasets of archival aerial images reaching back to the 1950s were utilized in order to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) and DEMs of difference. The aerial images were complemented by recent drone images for selected moraine sections, enabling a high-resolution analysis of the processes currently occurring. The results concerning the development of morphodynamics on lateral moraine sections are diverse: some slopes display a stagnation of the erosion rates, whereas the rates of one section increase significantly; however, the majority of the slopes show a decline in morphodynamics over decades but stay on a high level in many cases. In particular, moraine sections with high morphodynamics at the beginning of the observation period mostly show high erosion rates up until present-day measurements, with values up to 11 cm yr−1. These moraine sections also feature heavy gullying on their upper slopes. A correlation between the development of morphodynamics and the time since deglaciation could scarcely be established. In fact, the results instead indicate that characteristics of the lateral moraines such as the initial slope angle at the time of deglaciation have a significant influence on the later morphodynamics. These observations raise concerns as to whether the until now often conducted analyses based on the comparison of lateral moraine sections with different distances to the glacier terminus, assumed to represent varying time spans since deglaciation, can provide sound evidence concerning the process of stabilization.

Quantitative long-term (1922 to 2021) monitoring of a large-scale landslide of a LIA lateral moraine due to glacial debuttressing

“…Lateral moraines within proglacial areas (Schiefer & Gilbert 2007), which were exposed after the glacial maximum of the Little Ice Age (LIA) around the mid-20 th century (Matthews & Briffa 2005, Ivy-Ochs et al 2009, often show high slope instability within the phase of the paraglacial adjustment process, which can extend to several decades and centuries (Ballantyne 2002a, b, Deline et al 2015, Haeberli et al 2017, Heckmann & Morche 2019. On the steep slopes, this can lead to the formation of deeply incised gully systems, mainly caused by fluvial erosion, nival processes and debris flows (Ballantyne & Benn 1994, Curry et al 2006, Betz-Nutz et al 2023. In addition, slope deformations such as landslides occur, which may be related to the retreat of glaciers and the associated destabilisation of the connected slopes, which is described as glacial debuttressing.…”