Development of the nano-HEB array for low-background far-IR applications

Karasik, Boris S.; Pereverzev, Sergey; Olaya, D.; Gershenson, M. E.; Cantor, R.; Kawamura, J.; Day, Peter; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G.; Monacos, Steve; Harding, Dennis G.; Santavicca, Daniel F.; Carter, Faustin; Prober, D. E.

doi:10.1117/12.856682

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The much slower electron-phonon relaxation process is the main cooling mechanism in the 50-300 mK temperature range studied. In our previous studies 15,16 we found that the near-equilibrium electron-phonon relaxation time τ e-ph ranges from 5 µs at 300 mK to 1 ms at 50 mK in similar devices. The initial electron heating after photon absorption is 4 rapidly shared with the other electrons and with high-energy phonons on a fast time scale, < 1 ns 16 .…”

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confidence: 68%

Energy-resolved detection of single infrared photons with λ = 8 μm using a superconducting microbolometer

et al. 2012

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We report on the detection of single photons with λ = 8 µm using a superconducting hotelectron microbolometer. The sensing element is a titanium transition-edge sensor with a volume ~ 0.1 µm 3 fabricated on a silicon substrate. Poisson photon counting statistics including simultaneous detection of 3 photons was observed. The width of the photon-number peaks was 0.11 eV, 70% of the photon energy, at 50-100 mK. This achieved energy resolution is one of the best figures reported so far for superconducting devices. Such devices can be suitable for singlephoton calorimetric spectroscopy throughout the mid-infrared and even the far-infrared.

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confidence: 68%

Energy-resolved detection of single infrared photons with λ = 8 μm using a superconducting microbolometer

et al. 2012

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“…4,5,9 Because the energy of an absorbed photon is transferred to the whole ensemble of electrons, the performance of TESs is governed by the heat capacity of the calorimetric materials used. This currently limits the SPD operation of TESs to wavelengths below 8 μm, 10 temperatures below 100 mK, and detection times above ∼10 μs. 10−13 Strategies to reduce the heat capacity have led to a targeted development of ever-thinner nanostructured SC thin films and the use of low carrier density SCs so that absorbed heat is shared among fewer electrons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Magic-Angle Bilayer Graphene Nanocalorimeters: Toward Broadband, Energy-Resolving Single Photon Detection

Seifert

Stepanov

et al. 2020

Nano Lett.

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Because of the ultra-low photon energies in the mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies, in these bands photodetectors are notoriously underdeveloped, and broadband single photon detectors (SPDs) are non-existent. Advanced SPDs exploit thermal effects in nanostructured superconductors, and their performance is currently limited to the more energetic near-infrared photons due to their high electronic heat capacity. Here, we demonstrate a superconducting magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MAG) device that is capable of detecting single photons of ultra-low energies by utilizing its record-low heat capacity and sharp superconducting transition. We theoretically quantify its calorimetric photoresponse and estimate its detection limits. This device allows the detection of ultrabroad range single photons from the visible to sub-THz with response time around 4 ns and energy resolution better than 1 THz. These attributes position MAG as an exceptional material for long-wavelength single photon sensing, which could revolutionize such disparate fields as quantum information processing and radio astronomy. Introduction:The detection of single photons is a key enabling technology in many research areas including quantum sensing, quantum key distribution, information processing and radio astronomy. Single photon detectors (SPDs) for wavelengths ranging from the visible to near infrared (nIR) have already been developed and even commercialized. State-of-the-art SPD technologies rely on heat-induced breaking of the superconducting state in nano-structured superconductors (SCs). Here, superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) have developed into the SPDs with the highest detection efficiencies, lowest dark count rates and operation wavelengths up to 10 µm (1-8). However, while no theoretical performance limits are evident so far, extending the broadband detection of single photons from the nIR to the far-infrared and the terahertz (THz), has yet to be demonstrated. TESs exploit the steepness of the temperature dependent resistance at the superconducting transition edge, which enables the generation of detectable voltages pulses upon heating electrons by absorbed light quanta (4, 5,9). Because the energy of an absorbed photon is transferred to the whole ensemble of electrons, the performance of TESs is determined by the heat capacity of the calorimetric materials used. This currently limits the SPD operation of TESs to wavelengths below 8µm(10), temperatures below 100mK, and detection times above ~10s(10-13).

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“…A table of measured coupling constants for superconducting metals that would act as the hot-electron bolometer is provided by Karasik et al 72 Among superconductors, W has the weakest known e-p coupling and therefore the greatest potential as a hot-electron bolometer sensor material. Karasik et al 63,72,73 have achieved NEP el below 1 × 10 −19 W∕ ffiffiffiffiffiffi Hz p and NEP opt of 3 × 10 −19 W∕ ffiffiffiffiffiffi Hz p using Ti as the hot electron sensor; we have performed simulations that indicate W-based HEBs can exceed OSS requirements at 70 mK. A significant advantage of HEBs over the other bolometer types described above is that HEBs do not require any membranes, thus fabrication is simplified, large fill fractions can be realized, and the final devices are mechanically robust.…”

Section: Thermal Isolation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…63,72,73 have achieved NEP el below 1 × 10 −19 W/ √ Hz and NEP opt of 3 × 10 −19 W/ √ Hz using Ti as the hot electron sensor; we have performed simulations that indicate W-based HEBs can exceed OSS requirements at 70 mK. A significant advantage of HEBs over the other bolometer types described above is that HEBs do not require any membranes, thus fabrication is simplified, large fill fractions can be realized, and the final devices are mechanically robust.…”

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Transition-edge sensor detectors for the Origins Space Telescope

Nagler

Sadleir

Wollack

2021

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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The Origins Space Telescope is one of four flagship missions under study for the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. With a 5.9-m cold (4.5 K) telescope deployed from space, Origins promises unprecedented sensitivity in the near-, mid-, and far-infrared from 2.8 to 588 μm. This mandates the use of ultrasensitive and stable detectors in all of the Origins instruments. At the present, no known detectors can meet Origins' stability requirements in the near-to mid-infrared or its sensitivity requirements in the far-infrared. We discuss the applicability of transition-edge sensors, as both calorimeters and bolometers, to meet these requirements, and lay out a path toward improving the present state-of-the-art. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Development of the nano-HEB array for low-background far-IR applications

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Energy-resolved detection of single infrared photons with λ = 8 μm using a superconducting microbolometer

Energy-resolved detection of single infrared photons with λ = 8 μm using a superconducting microbolometer

Magic-Angle Bilayer Graphene Nanocalorimeters: Toward Broadband, Energy-Resolving Single Photon Detection

Transition-edge sensor detectors for the Origins Space Telescope

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