Development of the Parental Questionnaire for Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children Younger than 72 Months

Abstract

Background and Purpose Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an underdiagnosed condition in children, and its assessment tools have focused on older children. We aimed to develop a parental questionnaire for cerebral visual impairment (PQCVI) for screening CVI in young children. Methods The PQCVI comprised 23 questions based on a modified version of Houliston and Dutton's questionnaire for older children. The PQCVI with neurocognitive function tests was applied to 201 child-parent pairs with typically developing children younger than 72 months (age 32.4±20.1 months, mean±standard deviation). The children were classified into six age groups. The normative data, cutoff scores, and internal reliability were assessed and item analysis was performed. We referred to the total score for all questions as the cerebral visual function (CVF) score. Results The normative data showed that the CVF score and the scores corresponding to ventral-stream and dorsal-stream visual functions plausibly increased with age. The scores rapidly reached 90% of their maximum values up to the age of 36 months, after which they increased slowly. Cronbach's alpha for all questions across all age groups was 0.97, showing excellent consistency. The item difficulty and item discrimination coefficients showed that the questions were generally adequate for this age stage. Conclusions The PQCVI items produced reliable responses in children younger than 72 months. The rapid increase in scores before the age of 3 years supports the importance of early identification of CVI. Following additional clinical verification, the PQCVI may be useful for CVI screening.

The Multidisciplinary Guidelines for Diagnosis and Referral in Cerebral Visual Impairment

“…The PQCVI (Parental Questionnaire for children with CVI) for children younger than 72 months ( Moon et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Moderate GRADE PQCVI (Moon et al, 2021; Parental Questionnaire for Children with CVI) the Cerebral visual function score and the scores corresponding to ventral-stream and dorsal-stream visual functions increased with age. The scores rapidly reached 90% of their maximum values up to the age of 36 months.…”

“…for children younger than 72 months (Moon et al, 2021). • The Structured Clinical Question Inventory (SCQI; Philip et al, 2016), based on the questionnaires of Dutton and Houliston (Houliston et al, 1999;Dutton et al, 2010).…”

Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST): development, applications, and implications for future early childhood development interventions

“…By indicating potential neurodevelopmental delays or abnormalities in one or more categories, the K-DST has facilitated further examinations of infants and children through novel technologies such as chromosomal microarray [ 14 ], next-generation sequencing [ 15 , 16 ], and the Infant Comprehensive Evaluation for Neurodevelopmental Delay [ 17 ]. The K-DST has also facilitated the administration of additional and complementary assessment tools such as the Parental Questionnaire for Cerebral Visual Impairment [ 18 ] and the Korean version of the Developmental Snapshot [ 19 ]. Several studies have also indicated and validated that the K-DST allows further reference and evaluation of children with speech sound disorder and language impairment [ 20 , 21 ], motor development [ 22 ], and cerebral visual impairment [ 18 ].…”

“…The K-DST has also facilitated the administration of additional and complementary assessment tools such as the Parental Questionnaire for Cerebral Visual Impairment [ 18 ] and the Korean version of the Developmental Snapshot [ 19 ]. Several studies have also indicated and validated that the K-DST allows further reference and evaluation of children with speech sound disorder and language impairment [ 20 , 21 ], motor development [ 22 ], and cerebral visual impairment [ 18 ]. The application of the K-DST is correlated with increased reporting of neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder [ 23 ], ADHD [ 13 ], and sleep disorder [ 24 ], pointing to the importance of screening tools in detecting neurodevelopmental delays and disabilities.…”