Development of the Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale (P-RLS-SS)©: A patient-reported outcome measure of pediatric RLS symptoms and impact

Arbuckle, Robert; Abetz, Linda; Durmer, Jeffrey S.; Ivanenko, Anna; Owens, Judith; Croenlein, Jens; Bolton, Kate; Moore, Adam J.; Allen, Richard P.; Walters, Arthur S.; Picchietti, Daniel L.

doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.03.016

Cited by 51 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…22 Arbuckle et al noted that 79% of children and adolescents with RLS had problems falling asleep and 70% felt tired or sleepy during the day. 23 However, the direction of the association between EDS and trouble falling asleep cannot be determined in a cross-sectional design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restless Legs Syndrome, Sleep, and Quality of Life among Adolescents and Young Adults

Silva

Goodwin

Vana

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Objective: Clinical reports in children implicate restless legs syndrome (RLS) with sleep and behavior problems. However, population-based studies on this association in adolescents and young adults are limited. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated the association between symptoms consistent with RLS and quality of life (QoL). Study Design: This cross-sectional study included 214 Caucasian and Hispanic adolescents and young adults aged 12-20 years. Symptoms consistent with RLS were based on four essential criteria and if the symptoms occurred ≥ 5 days/ month. Trouble falling asleep was present if reported "yes, still have the problem." Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the Pediatric QoL Inventory. Three summary QoL scores ranging from 0-100 were evaluated; higher scores indicated better QoL. Results: Participants were 50% male and 68.1% Caucasian. Prevalence of RLS was 8.4% (n = 18). RLS was associated with trouble falling asleep (OR = 3.1, p = 0.049), and trouble falling asleep was associated with worse Psychosocial Health scores (Coeff. −5.6, p = 0.004) and Total Scale scores for quality of life (Coeff. −4.6, p = 0.007). Conclusions:The prevalence of symptoms consistent with RLS in this community-based sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 12-20, is comparable to rates reported in older cohorts. Symptoms consistent with RLS may be associated with trouble falling asleep and psychosocial distress that may contribute to a lower health-related quality of life. S C I E N T I F I C I N V E S T I G A T I O N SR estless legs syndrome (RLS) is defi ned as a sensorimotor disorder that can have a pronounced disturbance on sleep with symptom severity ranging from mild and occasional to nightly and severe with complete disruption of sleep. Four essential criteria have been identifi ed and are required for the identifi cation of RLS.1 These are: (1) an urge to move the legs often accompanied by unpleasant sensations; (2) the urge is worsened during rest or inactivity; (3) the urge is improved with leg movement; and (4) the urge is worsened in the evening or night. The prevalence of RLS in adults is approximately 10% and has been associated with iron defi ciency, pregnancy, end-stage renal disease, and family history of RLS.2,3 RLS was fi rst described in children by Walters in 1994, 4 and the prevalence of RLS has been reported to be between 2% and 6%, 5,6 although relatively few studies of RLS have been conducted in the pediatric and adolescent populations. In adults, RLS has been associated with depression.7 However, little information is available on the impact of RLS on quality of life. In one study, RLS was found to have a signifi cant impact on health-related quality of life, measured using the SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form health survey), in 85 adult subjects with RLS as compared to 2,474 subjects from the general population.8 Subjects with RLS reported signifi cant defi cits in health-related quality of life when compared to subjects with hypertension, cardiovascular conditions...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restless Legs Syndrome, Sleep, and Quality of Life among Adolescents and Young Adults

Silva

Goodwin

Vana

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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“…Different from in adults, functional consequences of RLS in children are mainly behavioral and educational domains (Arbuckle et al, 2010). The new diagnostic criteria set up a more rigorous method to ascertain a RLS case with more specific criteria and excluding standards.…”

Section: Clinical Presentations and Diagnostic Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Restless Legs Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnosis and Management

Guo

Huang

Jiang

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

130

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Restless legs syndrome (RLS), a common neurological sensorimotor disorder in western countries, has gained more and more attention in Asian countries. The prevalence of RLS is higher in older people and females. RLS is most commonly related to iron deficiency, pregnancy and uremia. The RLS symptoms show a significant circadian rhythm and a close relationship to periodic limb movements (PLMs) in clinical observations, while the pathophysiological pathways are still unknown. The diagnostic criteria have been revised in 2012 to improve the validity of RLS diagnosis. Recent studies have suggested an important role of iron decrease of brain in RLS pathophysiology. Dopaminergic (DA) system dysfunction in A11 cell groups has been recognized long ago from clinical treatment and autopsy. Nowadays, it is believed that iron dysfunction can affect DA system from different pathways and opioids have a protective effect on DA system. Several susceptible single nucleotide polymorphisms such as BTBD9 and MEIS1, which are thought to be involved in embryonic neuronal development, have been reported to be associated with RLS. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment are discussed in this review. First-line treatments of RLS include DA agents and α2δ agonists. Augmentation is very common in long-term treatment of RLS which makes prevention and management of augmentation very important for RLS patients. A combination of different types of medication is effective in preventing and treating augmentation. The knowledge on RLS is still limited, the pathophysiology and better management of RLS remain to be discovered.

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“…Also, subjectively assessed sleep disturbances can reflect a broad range of sleep disorders, such as PLM, insomnia, restless leg syndrome, circadian rhythm disturbance, and SDB. 70 Sleep questionnaires do not always provide sufficient information to identify which sleep disorders the subjects may suffer from, although more specific, targeted sleep questionnaires are evolving, such as the Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale, 71 to better characterize specific sleep disorders in youth. Even the most comprehensive subjective sleep measures cannot fully characterize sleep architecture, or capture the full spectrum of sleep disorders potentially underlying any identified sleep disturbance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sleep Disturbance in Pediatric PTSD: Current Findings and Future Directions

Kovachy

O’Hara

Hawkins

et al. 2013

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Many studies have provided strong evidence of a fundamental and complex role for sleep disturbances in adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Investigations of adult PTSD using subjective and objective measures document sleep architecture abnormalities and high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movement disorder, nightmares, and insomnia. PTSD treatment methods do appear to signifi cantly improve sleep disturbance, and also studies suggest that treatments for sleep disorders often result in improvements in PTSD symptoms. Further, the most recent evidence suggests sleep abnormalities may precede the development of PTSD. Given the importance of sleep disorders to the onset, course, and treatment of adult PTSD, examination of sleep disturbances far earlier in the life course is imperative. Here we review the literature on what we know about sleep disturbances and disorders in pediatric PTSD. Our review indicates that the extant, empirical data examining sleep disturbance and disorders in pediatric PTSD is limited. Yet, this literature suggests there are signifi cantly higher reports of sleep disturbances and nightmares in children and adolescents exposed to trauma and/or diagnosed with PTSD than in non-trauma-exposed samples. Sleep questionnaires are predominantly employed to assess sleep disorders in pediatric PTSD, with few studies utilizing objective measures. Given the important, complex relationship being uncovered between adult PTSD and sleep, this review calls for further research of sleep in children with PTSD using more specifi c subjective measures and also objective measures, such as polysomnography and eventually treatment trial studies.

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Development of the Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale (P-RLS-SS)©: A patient-reported outcome measure of pediatric RLS symptoms and impact

Cited by 51 publications

References 46 publications

Restless Legs Syndrome, Sleep, and Quality of Life among Adolescents and Young Adults

Restless Legs Syndrome, Sleep, and Quality of Life among Adolescents and Young Adults

Restless Legs Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnosis and Management

Sleep Disturbance in Pediatric PTSD: Current Findings and Future Directions

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