Development of the pons in human fetuses

Hatta, Toshihisa; Satow, F.; Hatta, Junko; Hashimoto, Ryuju; Udagawa, Jun; Matsumoto, Akihiro; Otani, Hiroki

doi:10.1111/j.1741-4520.2007.00145.x

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Human pons development has been investigated during different embryonic and fetal stages (Nozaki et al . 1992; Müller and O'Rahilly 2003), and development of the protrusion of the pons was examined morphometrically in relation to the CRL in a previous study based on specimens from the Kyoto collection (Hatta et al . 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although double basioccipital centers have been rarely observed (Wackenheim 1985), all of the present fetuses showed single centers. Human pons development has been investigated during different embryonic and fetal stages (Nozaki et al 1992;Müller and O'Rahilly 2003), and development of the protrusion of the pons was examined morphometrically in relation to the CRL in a previous study based on specimens from the Kyoto collection (Hatta et al 2007). Our present data showed that the correlation coefficients to CRL of the basioccipital length and width and those of the pons length and width were R 2 = 0.863, R 2 = 0.359, and R 2 = 0.729, and R 2 = 0.385, respectively, suggesting that basioccipital ossification and development of the pons have a close positive relationship with CRL ( Fig.…”

Section: Basioccipital Ossification and Pons Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Zhang

Wang

Udagawa

et al. 2011

Congenital Anomalies

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Congenital anomalies of the brain frequently correspond to cranial base anomalies, and a detailed description of morphology and individual variations in the developing cranial base is of clinical importance for diagnosing anomalies. Development of the human cranial base has been studied using dissection, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. We here examined development of the normal human fetal cranial base using bone staining, which allows for direct observation of the ossification centers and precise three-dimensional measurements. We observed alizarin red S-stained sphenoids and basiocciputs of 22 normal formalin-fixed human fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 115-175 mm. We defined landmarks and measured sphenoids and basiocciputs using a fine caliper. Growth patterns of these ossifying bones were obtained, and we found similarities and differences among the growth patterns. We also observed individual variations in the ossification patterns, in particular, single- or double-ossification center patterns for the basisphenoid. The orbitosphenoid and basisphenoid widths and ratios of the widths to the total cranial base width were significantly different between the two pattern groups, whereas the other measurements and their ratios to the total cranial base did not differ between the groups. We measured the cerebrum and pons in different sets of 22 human fetuses with CRLs of 105-186 mm and found close relationships with the development of corresponding parts of the cranial base. The results contribute to the quantitative and qualitative information about the growth patterns and variations during human fetal cranial base development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basioccipital Ossification and Pons Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Zhang

Wang

Udagawa

et al. 2011

Congenital Anomalies

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“…After 1 year, the growth rate of the basis declines to near zero until 7 years. In contrast, the growth rate of medulla and tegmentum are dramatically reduced by 3–6 months and 6 months-1 year, respectively [ 47 , 57 ].…”

Section: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the critical functions of the brainstem, postnatal development is still poorly understood, with the brainstem frequently ignored in brain development studies or studies describing the development of the foetal pons [ 43 , 57 , 69 , 70 ]. A recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of human specimens reveals that the pons increases 6-fold in size from birth to 5 years of age, with continued slower growth throughout childhood [ 47 ].…”

Section: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersection of Brain Development and Paediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas: Potential Role of Microenvironment in Tumour Growth

Loveson

Fillmore

2018

Brain Sciences

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Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating and incurable paediatric brain tumour with a median overall survival of 9 months. Until recently, DIPGs were treated similarly to adult gliomas, but due to the advancement in molecular and imaging technologies, our understanding of these tumours has increased dramatically. While extensive research is being undertaken to determine the function of the molecular aberrations in DIPG, there are significant gaps in understanding the biology and the influence of the tumour microenvironment on DIPG growth, specifically in regards to the developing pons. The precise orchestration and co-ordination of the development of the brain, the most complex organ in the body, is still not fully understood. Herein, we present a brief overview of brainstem development, discuss the developing microenvironment in terms of DIPG growth, and provide a basis for the need for studies focused on bridging pontine development and DIPG microenvironment. Conducting investigations in the context of a developing brain will lead to a better understanding of the role of the tumour microenvironment and will help lead to identification of drivers of tumour growth and therapeutic resistance.

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“…In humans, pontine nuclei are derived from a stream of cells migrating from the rhombic lip termed the corpus pontobulbare between 8 and 20 weeks gestation (Essick, ). While a number of studies describe the development of the fetal pons (Nozaki et al, ; Fischbein et al, ; Hatta et al, ), less is known about postnatal pontine growth in humans, particularly at the cellular level. An improved understanding of the dynamics of growth and development of the human pons, particularly postnatal stem/progenitor populations, may provide insight into the development of this critical brain region and into abnormalities of the pons such as developmental malformations and pediatric gliomas (Barkovich et al, ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Postnatal growth of the human pons: A morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis

Tate

Lindquist

Nguyen

et al. 2014

J of Comparative Neurology

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Despite its critical importance to global brain function, the postnatal development of the human pons remains poorly understood. In the present study, we first performed MRI-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0–18 years; n=6–14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. Analysis of cellular proliferation revealed many Ki67+ cells during the first 7 months of life, particularly during the first month where proliferation was increased in the basis relative to tegmentum. The majority of proliferative cells in the postnatal pons expressed the transcription factor Olig2, suggesting an oligodendrocyte lineage. The proportion of proliferating cells that were Olig2+ was similar through the first 7 months of life and between basis and tegmentum. The number of Ki67+ cells declined dramatically from birth to 7 months and further decreased by 3 years, with a small number of Ki67+ cells observed throughout childhood. In addition, two populations of vimentin/nestin-expressing cells were identified: a dorsal group near the ventricular surface, which persists throughout childhood, and a parenchymal population that diminishes by 7 months and was not evident later in childhood. Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases.

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Development of the pons in human fetuses

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses

Intersection of Brain Development and Paediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas: Potential Role of Microenvironment in Tumour Growth

Postnatal growth of the human pons: A morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis

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