Development of the Upright Postural Sway of Children

Usui, Nagao; Maekawa, K; Hirasawa, Yaichiro

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11953.x

Cited by 67 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, there was no significant difference in the LNG of children between the ages of 5 and 6 years. Our results are consistent with those of previous studies which showed that the area of total sway decreased markedly at 3-5 years of age and then slowly after 6 years of age (Usui et al, 1995). Postural stability does not appear to take a linear progression in children from 4 to 6 years of age, while in the same age interval, body size (height and weight) increases more linearly.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…These previous studies, however, included only two to three children aged 3-5 years. Usui et al (1995) reported that total area of sway decreased markedly at 3-5 years of age and then slowly after age 6. Several investigators have also reported an age-dependent decrease in postural sway in children (Shambes, 1976;Zernicke et al, 1982;Foudriat et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of physical fitness level on postural sway in young children

Shintaku

Ohkuwa

Yabe

2005

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In this study, we longitudinally measured the effects of physical fitness level and body size and shape on the total length of sway path of the center of gravity (LNG), in 16 boys and 18 girls, from the age of 4 to 6 years. The LNG values of the boys and girls at 5 and 6 years of age were lower than the corresponding values at 4 years of age, but there was no significant difference between the LNG at 5 and 6 years of age. With the physical fitness tests (25 m sprint speed, hopping, standing broad jump, side jump and standing on one leg), performance at 6 years of age was better than at 5 years of age and that at 5 years of age better than at 4 years of age. LNG was negatively correlated with side jump frequencies in the 6-year-old boys and girls. A significant negative partial correlation was found between LNG and Caup's index (weight/height 2 ) with age held constant. Partial correlations between LNG and physical fitness levels were not significant with age held constant. From these results, we conclude that a decreasing LNG depends on age and on Caup's index, but not on height, weight, or physical fitness levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of physical fitness level on postural sway in young children

Shintaku

Ohkuwa

Yabe

2005

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“…Many studies have observed that young children sway more than older children and young adults (e.g., Figura, Cama, Capranica, Guidetti, & Pulejo, 1991;Portfors-Yeomans & Riach, 1995;Riach & Hayes, 1987;Riach & Starkes, 1994;Usui, Maekawa, & Hirasawa, 1995). Usui, Maekawa, and Hirasawa (1995), for example, studied 1,188 children aged 3-11 years during upright stance and observed that the center of pressure area became smaller with age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body sway and sensory motor coupling adaptation in children: Effects of distance manipulation

Godoi

Barela

2007

Developmental Psychobiology

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine coupling between visual information and body sway in children and young adults at various distances from a moving room front wall. Sixty children (from 4 to 14 years old) and 10 young adults stood upright inside a moving room that was oscillated at .2 and .5 Hz, at distances of .25, .5, 1, and 1.5 m from a front wall. Visual information induced body sway in all participants in all conditions. Young children swayed more than older participants, whether the moving room was oscillated or not. Coupling between visual information and body sway became stronger and the room movement influence became weaker with age. Up to the age of 10, coupling strength between visual information and body sway and the room movement influence were distance dependent. Postural control development appears to be dependent on how children reweight the contribution of varying sensory cues available in environment in order to control body sway. ß 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 77-87, 2008.

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“…The immaturity of plantar arch development in younger children, with the concomitant posterior location of the COP (Usui, Muekawa, & Hirasawa, 1995), could have reduced the posterior boundary of their stability limits, thus placing greater attentional demands on controlling body sway in the AP direction. In this study, there appeared to be a developmental trend in the location of the COP from a posterior position seen in younger children to a more anterior position that is observed in adults (see Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between the Development of Postural Control and the Executive Function of Attention

Reilly

Donkelaar

Saavedra

et al. 2008

Journal of Motor Behavior

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The authors examined the interaction between the development of postural control and the development of the executive function of attention in 13 children and 6 adults in dual-task conditions. Participants performed an attentionally demanding cognitive task and a postural task simultaneously. The authors equalized the attentional load of the cognitive task across age groups. Comparative changes in the center of pressure in dual-and single-task conditions indicated that dual tasks interfered with postural performance in the wide stance (WS) and the modified Romberg stance (RS). Children at 4-6 years of age (but not children at ages 7-12 years of age or adults) experienced postural control interference in both stance positions, but interference was greater in the RS (p = .018). For all participants, cognitive task performance in RS was unchanged from that in WS. The knowledge gained from the results of this study will contribute to the design and implementation of academic and preacademic programming for young children. Their performance of an intentionally demanding cognitive task would be enhanced by the provision of appropriately sized desks and chairs or their use of an alternate, less demanding position. Keywords development; dual-task; executive function of attention; postural control In academic settings, younger children have often been found to have difficulties sustaining attention to the subjects being taught. Educators commonly see frequent readjustment of posture and fidgeting while sitting at a desk or standing in line in children with attentional problems. According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), a manual used by physicians and mental health providers for the diagnosis of psychological disorders, those behaviors could be a sign of deficits in attention. However, multiple factors may contribute to attentional performance in the academic setting. For example, when children are performing a motor task (standing, walking, or reaching for an object) while also performing a cognitive task, the attentional requirements of the motor task may compete for processing resources within the limited attentional capacity of the child, causing the child to perform less efficiently on both the motor and cognitive tasks. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors competing for attentional resources during children's performance of the different tasks so that educators can create an age-appropriate academic environment that is most conducive to learning.For our purpose in this study, we define the term attention as a reservoir of processing resources on the basis of the limited capacity model of Kahneman (1973). When an individual performs two attentionally demanding tasks simultaneously, competition for processing resources may occur. The interference may lead to deterioration in the performance of one or both tasks (Neumann, 1984;Wickens, 1989).Postural control was traditionally considered to be automatic ...

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Development of the Upright Postural Sway of Children

Cited by 67 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of physical fitness level on postural sway in young children

Effects of physical fitness level on postural sway in young children

Body sway and sensory motor coupling adaptation in children: Effects of distance manipulation

Interaction Between the Development of Postural Control and the Executive Function of Attention

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