Development of Tl+/Na+ ion-exchanged single-mode waveguides on silicate glass for visible-blue wavelengths applications

Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass

“…The bottom drawing indicates a field-assisted diffusion, that leads to a buried waveguide. Reproduced with modifications from [25] with permission by Elsevier. In the field of optical communications, the high optical compatibility between glass integrated devices and optical fibers clearly offers an important advantage with respect to other materials.…”

“…Unfortunately, silver, too, has some limits: in the presence of humidity, surface waveguides (which are used in sensing devices, interacting with external medium) suffer higher losses, due to chemical reduction to metal silver. An approach useful to overcome this limitation is to use the Tl/Na process [25]: in this case, a drawback is due to the toxicity of thallium. Thus, we must conclude that the choice of the ion pair to be used in the waveguide fabrication by ion exchange is dictated by the characteristic (optical, mechanical, safety) one wants to privilege.…”

High-aluminum phosphate glasses for single-mode waveguide-typed red light source

“…Ion-exchange technique has been widely used in fabricating highquality glass waveguide due to various benefits, i.e., low surface scattering losses, symmetric refractive index profiles, and easy fabrication of single mode waveguide, excellent mode matching to single-mode fiber and low birefringence across a broad range of waveguide widths [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. K + -Na + ion-exchange is one of the most frequently-used techniques to fabricate low-loss optical device that can be effectively coupled with single-mode fibers, which is mainly attributed to the facts that the refractive index selectively raised with the K + ions exchanged into the glass substrate when the glass substrate is submerged in pure molten KNO 3 , and during K + -Na + ion exchange process no concentration control of the melt is required and no subsequent metallic ion clusters are formed [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

Simulação multifísica utilizando método dos elementos finitos auxiliando interativamente a fabricação de moduladores eletro-ópticos em substratos de Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂.

“…Em vários centros de pesquisa ao redor do mundo têm sido realizados desenvolvimentos envolvendo guias de onda em óptica integrada utilizando diferentes processos de fabricação tais como: wet etching [39], troca protônica [40,41], litografia leve microfluídico assistida à vácuo [42], troca iônica [43].…”