Development of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to Produce Skin-Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Substances from Safflower Seed

Abstract

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract bioactive substances with skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant effects from safflower seeds, and the extraction conditions were optimized by a central composite design. The independent variables, including extraction time (5.0~55.0 min), extraction temperature (26.0~94.0 °C), and ethanol concentration (0.0~100%), were optimized to increase tyrosinase activity inhibitory (TAI), collagenase activity inhibitory (CAI), and radical scavenging activity (RSA), which are indicators of skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant effects. An extraction time of 26.4 min, extraction temperature of 52.1 °C, and ethanol concentration of 50.7% were found to be optimum conditions of UAE, under which TAI, CAI, and RSA were 53.3%, 91.5%, and 27.7%, respectively. The extract produced by UAE was analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and maleic acid and levulinic acid were identified as the main substances. Therefore, UAE is evaluated as an effective process to extract skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant substances from safflower seeds at lower temperatures and shorter extraction times compared to the conventional extraction methods. Overall, safflower seeds extract can be used as a material for value-added cosmetics, including maleic acid and levulinic acid, which have bioactive functions.

Design of Experiments for Optimizing Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant-Based Sources

“…RSM is a set of mathematical and statistical tools commonly used to investigate the impact of UAE parameters, model them, and optimize their settings [79]. This methodology allows for the calculation and assessment of experimental errors [77,80]. RSM can assess multiple parameters and their interactions on the response using mathematical models, typically represented by second-order polynomial equations (Equation ( 1)), requiring only a small number of experiments [40,52].…”

“…It has been noted that during UAE, the combined effects of temperature and solvent concentration enhance solvent mass transfer, facilitating the release of polyphenolic compounds from the food matrix [86,96]. These effects are associated with changes in viscosity, solubility, polarity, and surface tension within the solvent and food matrix [80,88]. However, prolonged extraction times can lead to polyphenol degradation, emphasizing the importance of determining an optimal extraction duration [22].…”

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for extraction of bioactive compounds from purple carrot (Daucus carota L.) using response surface methodology

“…The coefficient of determination (R-squared) R 2 has a value between 0.0 and 1.0 and the closer to 1.0, higher suitability of the quadratic regression equation is judged (Yeom et al, 2022). The R 2 of the second regression equation was 0.9558, showing suitability of 95.0% or higher, and the validity of the optimal condition prediction using the second regression equation was recognized (Table 3).…”

Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents

“…Orchidaceae tubers [194] Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae leaves [195] Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae fruits [196] Andropogon virginicus Poaceae aerial parts [197] Angelica keiskei Umbelliferae leaves, roots [198] Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae peanut shell [154] Areca catechu Palmaceae fruits [195] Arctium minus Asteraceae flower heads, leaves, roots [199] Artemisia verlotiorum Asteraceae whole plant [200] Atractylodis macrocephalae Asteraceae rhizomes [201] Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae leaves [202] Bergenia pacumbis Saxifragaceae plant and its rhizomes [203] Blepharis linariifolia Acanthaceae aerial parts [204] Bletilla striata Orchidaceae tubers, fibrous roots [205] Breynia retusa Phyllanthaceae leaves [206] Bridelia ferruginea Phyllanthaceae leaves, stem bark [207] Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae leaves, roots, fruits [158] Cakile maritima Brassicaceae fruits, leaves, stems [208] Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae seeds [169] Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae seeds [209] Celastrus hindsii Celastracea leaves [210] Cercis glabra Fabaceae leaves [211] Cladium mariscus Cyperaceae seeds [212] Clausena indica Rutaceae roots [213] Combretum micranthum Combretaceae leaves [196] Crotalaria burhia Fabaceae aerial parts, roots [214] Croton hirtus Euphorbiaceae aerial parts [215] Cudrania tricuspidata Moraceae fruits [216] Cytinus hypocistis Cytinaceae aerial parts [217] Dianella ensifolia Liliaceae roots [218] Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae stems [219] Elaeagnus angustifolia Elaeagnaceae fruits, leaves [220] Table 4. Cont.…”