Development, test-retest reliability and validity of the Pharmacy Value-Added Services Questionnaire (PVASQ)

Background:Pharmacy value added services (PVAS) was introduced as a matter of public health policy by Malaysia’s Ministry of Health to improve health outcomes through public healthcare services. For example, drive through pharmacy services is a major policy implementation of the Ministry. However, adoption rates are low and therefore hampering the achievement of national health policy goals.Objective:Our objective is to explore the key determinants and mediators of successful implementation of new public pharmaceutical services by investigating the cognitive perspectives of patients’ intentions to adopt with the Theory of Planned Behavior as the theoretical framework.Methods:A two phase mixed methodology involving first a qualitative exploration and the second a quantitative phase was conducted in public health facilities in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Multiple regression and mediation analysis were performed.Results:Subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, knowledge and expectations are found to be significant predictors of intentions to adopt PVAS. Knowledge and expectations are found to exert significant indirect effects on intentions.Conclusion:Overall, we suggest that patient knowledge be enhanced through appropriate channels and expectations of service quality be met to increase intentions.

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“…We use principal axis factoring with Varimax rotation. The detailed in-depth description and completion of this stage can be found in Tan et al27…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building intentions with the Theory of Planned Behaviour: the mediating role of knowledge and expectations in implementing new pharmaceutical services in Malaysia

Tan

Gan

Saleem

et al. 2016

Pharm Pract (Granada)

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“…42 These studies by Tan and colleagues provide the policy maker with important conclusion regarding the implementation challenges of PVAS in Malaysia. [38][39][40][41] In particular, the results suggest that the influence of peers, friends and family plus the ease of which patients can use the services are the main predictors of adoption intentions. Generally, patient knowledge and their expectations can strengthen the relationship between intentions and cognitive perspectives.…”

Section: Discussion: Current Research and The Latest Findings For Malmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…38 This is followed by the questionnaire development stage where a survey instrument is designed based on the thematic analysis gained from the qualitative stage as mentioned earlier. 39 Finally, the authors perform a final stage quantitative studies to capture the mediating effects of knowledge and expectations on intentions 40 and also to study how total cognitive perspectives (made up of subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and attitudes) can moderate the patient's intentions to adopt PVAS. 41 Generally, the recent qualitative findings generally find that for respondents who are elderly and on chronic medications, the introduction of PVAS greatly benefits their compliance and overall health outcomes.…”

Section: Discussion: Current Research and The Latest Findings For Malmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy Value Added Services: Early Begininings, Current Implementation, And Challenges From The Malaysian Experience

Tan¹,

Gan²

2016

IJPER

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Background:In a large natural experiment, Pharmacy Value Added Services (PVAS) was introduced by the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia to improve the delivery of pharmaceutical care to patients. PVAS in the Malaysian context and definition refers to a group of new innovative pharmacy services including Pharmacy Drive Through, Postal Medicine, Integrated Drug Dispensing System, and SMS and Collect. Despite the convenience and advantages of PVAS, patients' adoption rate is still low. Objectives: This article aims to discuss, explore, compare and report the beginnings, definitions, early implementations, types of services offered and the challenges faced by the implementers of these services to derive policy lessons, implications and recommendations. Methods: We utilize a comparative discussion to highlight the various PVAS globally in comparison with the Malaysian experience. A further literature review is used to explore, contrast and highlight the implementation as well as the challenges of PVAS adoption in Malaysia to derive policy lessons, implications and recommendations. Results: PVAS is still new in Malaysia and requires much more work to increase its reach to its intended audience. We suggest numerous methods to increase its adoption rate. Overall, we suggest that PVAS be a key focus for Malaysian community pharmacies so that pharmaceutical services in Malaysia can achieve parity with advanced countries.

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“…Phase 1 conclusions will guide the formulation of research questions. 24 The qualitative study performed by Tan et al (2015) showed conclusively that five main themes emerged as significant predictors of intention which were attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, knowledge and expectations in agreement with the TPB. 25 We now have a strong incentive to proceed to Phase 2 of the study.…”

Section: Phase 1: Qualitative Explorationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…al. 39 Minimum acceptable statistical significance is set the cut-off point of p < 0.05 for all tests.…”

Section: Partial Effects: the Moderating Role Of Knowledge And Expectmentioning

confidence: 99%

My Opinions Matter! How Perspectives, Knowledge and Expectations Matter in Moderating the Success of New Pharmaceutical Services Implementation in Malaysia

Tan¹,

Gan²,

FahadSaleem³

et al. 2018

IJPER

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The Malaysian Government through the National Health Policy aims to improve health outcomes through public pharmaceutical healthcare services. Pharmacy Value Added Services (PVAS) was introduced as a matter of public pharmaceutical health policy. PVAS is an important service to improve clinical outcomes by improving compliance, monitoring and even information dissemination. However, adoption rates are low and therefore hampering the achievement of national health policy goals. Our objective is to explore the key determinants and moderators of successful implementation of new public pharmaceutical services by investigating the cognitive perspectives of patients' intentions to adopt with the Theory of Planned Behavior as the theoretical framework. A two-phase mixed methodology involving first a qualitative exploration and the second a quantitative phase was conducted in public health facilities in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A cross-sectional survey (N = 410) was conducted using the Pharmacy Value Added Services Questionnaire (PVASQ). Multiple regression and robust moderation analysis were performed. Overall, perspectives were found to be significant predictors of intentions. In greater detail, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, knowledge, expectations and ethnicity were found to be significant predictors of intentions to adopt PVAS. Perspectives and expectations are found to exert significant partial effects on intentions. We find that a significant self-reinforcing feedback loop exists between Expectations-Perspectives-Intentions. Positive perspectives and meeting the high expectations of the public can greatly improve the uptake of the new service. Ethnicity plays a crucial role in determining uptake of the new service and should be given greater focus. Our results are robust and suggests that a bottom-up approach should be key to successful implementation of health policies and services.

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Development, test-retest reliability and validity of the Pharmacy Value-Added Services Questionnaire (PVASQ)

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

Building intentions with the Theory of Planned Behaviour: the mediating role of knowledge and expectations in implementing new pharmaceutical services in Malaysia

Building intentions with the Theory of Planned Behaviour: the mediating role of knowledge and expectations in implementing new pharmaceutical services in Malaysia

Pharmacy Value Added Services: Early Begininings, Current Implementation, And Challenges From The Malaysian Experience

My Opinions Matter! How Perspectives, Knowledge and Expectations Matter in Moderating the Success of New Pharmaceutical Services Implementation in Malaysia

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