“…However, gaps exist in the literature regarding exactly how civic engagement opportunities in higher education affect civic and democratic learning and development (Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 2006, as cited in Biddex, 2014). Critical educational scholars express concern that service learning opportunities may viewed by students as simply ‘volunteering’ rather than addressing social or political problems (Biddex, 2014; Finley, 2011; Lopez et al, 2006), creating meaningful change, or enhancing democratic participation (Biddex, 2014; Bryant et al, 2011; Butin, 2012). In this way, current opportunities fail to achieve civic action, which requires directly ‘teaching students the value of collaborative and direct action’ (Biddex, 2014; The National Task Force, 2012).…”