Developmental anatomy of the tonsil and its implications for intracapsular tonsillectomy

Toll-like receptors in tonsillar epithelial cells

“…The reason for a lack of TLR4 expression in these cells and the primary tonsillar epithelial cells is unknown, but may be due to the lack of bacteria present in the tonsil to trigger TLR4 activation and signaling. Since Grampositive bacteria are predominantly associated with tonsillar disease, it is possible that expression of TLR2 is more crucial to the response to pathogenic bacteria in the tonsil than TLR4, hence the lack of TLR4 expression [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

“…Thus, the tissues of the Waldeyer's ring could be very important in early responses of the host to infection. The palatine tonsils of the Waldeyer's ring possess several unique characteristics: (1) they are not fully encapsulated; (2) they do not possess afferent lymphatics; (3) they are lymphoepithelial organs; and (4) the tonsillar epithelium not only provides a protective surface cover but also invaginates and lines the tonsillar crypts [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The location of the palatine tonsils enables these structures to come in direct contact with potentially harmful inhaled and ingested material that exist in their native form since digestive enzymes are not present in the oral cavity.…”

“…These strategies include innate immune factors induced by epithelial cells which actively participate in host defense. These innate mechanisms enable the tonsils to recognize and respond to microbes and also instruct the adaptive immune elements to respond in the appropriate manner [3][4][5][6]10].…”

Adenoidectomy and adenotonsillotomy in children with difficult nasal breathing

“…Тонзиллотомия (внутрикапсульная тонзиллэкто мия) является более щадящим хирургическим вме шательством по сравнению с тонзиллэктомией, поскольку обеспечивает сохранность сосудов и ин нервации капсулы миндалины, что исключает травму мышечного слоя миндаликовой ниши, сни жает риск интра и послеоперационного кровоте чения и уменьшает интенсивность послеопераци онного болевого синдрома. Кроме того, оставшая ся в миндаликовой нише лимфоидная ткань сохра няет свою иммунологическую активность на про тяжении первой декады жизни [18]. В исследова нии Q. Zhang и соавт.…”

In Reference to Bacteriological Comparison of Tonsil Core in Recurrent Tonsillitis and Tonsillar Hypertrophy

“…Making this distinction may seem pedantic, but is increasingly important as we explore the role of biofilms and similar surface mechanisms of antibiotic resistance 2 …”