Developmental Changes in Executive Functioning

Lee, Kerry; Bull, Rebecca; Ho, Ringo Ho Moon

doi:10.1111/cdev.12096

Cited by 524 publications

(533 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Studies tracking developmental changes in working memory and executive control show clear trajectories between 7-10 years of age, but also that children continue to demonstrate substantial improvement in these abilities beyond age 10, up to adulthood (e.g. Davidson et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2013;Zelazo et al, 2013). As such, these abilities may not be sufficiently developed in our 7-10 year-old sample to enable effective implementation of prioritization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The limits of visual working memory in children: Exploring prioritization and recency effects with sequential presentation.

Berry¹,

Waterman²,

Baddeley³

et al. 2018

Developmental Psychology

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Recent research has demonstrated that, when instructed to prioritize a serial position in visual working memory, adults are able to boost performance for this selected item, at a cost to nonprioritized items (e.g. Hu et al., 2014). While executive control appears to play an important role in this ability, the increased likelihood of recalling the most recently presented item (i.e. the recency effect) is relatively automatic, possibly driven by perceptual mechanisms. In three experiments 7 to 10-year-old's ability to prioritize items in working memory was investigated using a sequential visual task (total N = 208). The relationship between individual differences in working memory and performance on the experimental task was also explored. Participants were unable to prioritize the first (Experiments 1 & 2) or final (Experiment 3) item in a 3-item sequence, while large recency effects for the final item were consistently observed across all experiments. The absence of a priority boost across three experiments indicates that children may not have the necessary executive resources to prioritize an item within a visual sequence, when directed to do so. In contrast, the consistent recency boosts for the final item indicate that children show automatic memory benefits for the most recently encountered stimulus. Finally, for the baseline condition in which children were instructed to remember all three items equally, additional working memory measures predicted performance at the first and second but not the third serial position, further supporting the proposed automaticity of the recency effect in visual working memory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The limits of visual working memory in children: Exploring prioritization and recency effects with sequential presentation.

Berry¹,

Waterman²,

Baddeley³

et al. 2018

Developmental Psychology

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“…A further explanation may be that subtle delays in early childhood may impair the development of executive function, broadly defined as top-down monitoring and control processes that regulate thoughts and behaviour. 40 Impairment in the development of executive function may affect the child's ability to meet increasingly complex cognitive demands. There is some evidence to support this; for example, studies have demonstrated an association between infant attentional control and later cognitive competence, 41 specifically in early ability to maintain attention control 42 and adapt attention to contextual demands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review

Murray

Fernandes

Fazel

et al. 2015

BJOG

234

149

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Background Neurodevelopmental disorders are increasingly believed to originate from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Current reviews exploring the neurodevelopmental effects of IUGR, however, are mostly based on birthweight, an inadequate proxy. Objective We aimed to examine the association between IUGR documented in utero, and neurodevelopmental outcomes during childhood. Search strategy Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Scopus were searched for relevant studies published after 1970. Selection criteria The analysis included studies that identified IUGR in utero, with follow‐up assessments between 1 month and 12 years of age. Data collection and analysis Data was extracted for cognitive, behavioural, language, motor, hearing, vision or sleep outcomes. Studies were summarised separately for children born at <35 and ≥35 weeks gestation. Main results Of 28 876 titles identified, 38 were suitable for inclusion. IUGR children born ≥35 weeks gestation scored on average 0.5 SD lower than non‐IUGR children across all neurodevelopmental assessments. IUGR children born <35 weeks of gestation scored approximately 0.7 SD lower than non‐IUGR children across all neurodevelopmental assessments. IUGR children with evidence of fetal circulatory redistribution (preferential perfusion of the brain) had more severe neurodevelopmental impairments than those born IUGR alone. Conclusions IUGR increases the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment during childhood differentially across domains. IUGR children born preterm or with evidence of fetal circulatory redistribution are more severely affected. Tweetable abstract IUGR is associated with an overall risk for neurodevelopmental delay in a range of neurodevelopmental domains.

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“…However, the meta-analysis by Yeniad et al (2013) did not control for other cognitive functions that could explain the associations between shifting and mathematics achievement (Bull & Lee, 2014). In addition, the studies included in the meta-analysis by Yeniad et al (2013) were conducted on children's executive functions, which is of note because there is evidence that measures of executive functions do not clearly separate all executive functions prior to the age of 15 years (Lee, Bull, & Ho, 2013). The role of shifting for academic achievements in adulthood is not yet clear.…”

Section: Relevance Of Executive Functions For Complex Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%