Developmental Changes in Human Duration Judgments: A Meta-Analytic Review

Block, Richard A.; Zakay, Dan; Hancock, Peter A.

doi:10.1006/drev.1998.0475

Cited by 109 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Generally, the psychological present represents the time period that is considered to be a single unit by observers, with the processing of durations within the psychological present possibly making use of different mechanisms than processing outside of the psychological present (Block, 1990;Rammsayer, 2001). According to Block, Zakay, and Hancock (1999), the typical use of temporal information in everyday life occurs within the psychological present, which is thought to be on the order of 3-5 s. This, then, might be the underlying mechanism of how tonal determinations are made, with listeners desiring information to reside within a single temporal unit for their judgments of psychological stability. Although speculative, the idea of temporal constraints on tonal determination, regardless of whether they arise from memory factors, psychoacoustic bases, or everyday experiences of temporal units, is an intriguing possibility and one that should be explored in future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Tests of an Algorithm for Musical Key-Finding.

Schmuckler¹,

Tomovski²

2005

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Perceiving the tonality of a musical passage is a fundamental aspect of the experience of hearing music. Models for determining tonality have thus occupied a central place in music cognition research. Three experiments investigated 1 well-known model of tonal determination: the Krumhansl-Schmuckler key-finding algorithm. In Experiment 1, listeners' percepts of tonality following short musical fragments derived from preludes by Bach and Chopin were compared with predictions of tonality produced by the algorithm; these predictions were very accurate for the Bach preludes but considerably less so for the Chopin preludes. Experiment 2 explored a subset of the Chopin preludes, finding that the algorithm could predict tonal percepts on a measure-by-measure basis. In Experiment 3, the algorithm predicted listeners' percepts of tonal movement throughout a complete Chopin prelude. These studies support the viability of the Krumhansl-Schmuckler key-finding algorithm as well as a model of listeners' tonal perceptions of musical passages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Tests of an Algorithm for Musical Key-Finding.

Schmuckler¹,

Tomovski²

2005

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…The pattern of performance observed in young children by McCormack et al (1999) can be described as overestimation, in that test durations that are shorter than the standard are erroneously judged to be of the same length as it. However, unlike in the verbal estimation tasks reviewed by Block et al (1999), young childrenÕs pattern of errors in the temporal generalization task cannot be explained in terms of difficulties with objective units of time, because the judgments made on this task do not involve such units. The fact that McCormack et al could successfully model their findings in terms of the distortion in long-term memory of the representation of the standard suggests that, in some circumstances, overestimation of durations by young children may be a result of changes in long-term memory processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Developmental improvements in time estimation over childhood have been documented consistently in a large number of studies, using a wide variety of tasks (e.g., Arlin, 1986;Droit-Volet, 1999;Friedman, 1977;Pouthas & Jacquet, 1987; for review, see Block, Zakay, & Hancock, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Another strand of research has explored whether young children systematically overestimate or underestimate temporal intervals due to a failure to accurately employ strategies such as counting (Levin & Wilkening, 1989;Pouthas, 1993) or due to differences in attentional or physiological processes (e.g., Goldstone & Goldfarb, 1966;Hicks, Allen, & Mayo, 1984). However, as Block et al (1999) discuss in their comprehensive meta-analytic review of this research, the claim that children overestimate or underestimate durations can be meaningfully interpreted only within the context of the particular type of timing task that is being employed. On the basis of their meta-analysis of studies that have used different types of timing tasks, Block et al conclude that young children tend to make shorter reproductions of presented durations and make overestimations in verbal estimation tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A timing-specific memory distortion effect in young children

McCormack

Brown

Smith

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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It has been suggested that there are systematic distortions in childrenÕs memory for temporal durations, such that childrenÕs memory is not just less accurate than that of adults but qualitatively different. Experiment 1 replicated the memory distortion effect by demonstrating developmental change in the tendency to confuse a reference duration with one that is shorter rather than longer than it. When the long-term memory demands of the task were reduced by providing reminders of the reference duration on every trial, there were no such qualitative changes in error patterns (Experiment 2). Further evidence for developmental changes in memory distortion was found in the temporal generalization task of Experiment 3, in which stimuli were spaced logarithmically rather than linearly. In Experiment 4, a similar distortion pattern was absent in a task in which children made judgments about the pitch rather than the duration of stimuli, suggesting the effect may be specific to time estimation.

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“…In the past few years, a standard convention has been adopted to facilitate comparisons among studies and enable meta-analyses on topics of duration perception. The duration judgment ratio (described by Block, Zakay, & Hancock, 1999) is the ratio of subjective duration to clock duration. Of methodological and conceptual importance is the distinction between prospective duration, which is the duration that is judged when an individual knows in advance to attend to time, as distinct from retrospective duration, an estimate made after the duration has elapsed without forewarning to attend to the time.…”

Section: Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stress and relaxation on time perception

Chavez¹

2003

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. Changes in time perception during and following experiences of stress and relaxation are commonly reported, but little is known about the direction and nature of any time perception changes. In this experimental study, men and women ages 18 to 79 were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: stress (n = 39) -speech preparation and presentation, relaxation (n = 38) -a progressive muscle relaxation exercise, or control (n = 39) -listening to a biography on tape. Multiple measures of time production, time estimation, perceived rate, and attention to time domains (past, present, and future) were made before and after the experimental phase. Retrospective time estimates were made after the experimental phase. Self report, physiological, and biochemical measures of stress were used to evaluate response to the experimental conditions, and results were consistent with increased stress in the stress condition and increased relaxation in the relaxation condition. Measures of duration judgment were relatively consistent within individuals with larger variance from person to person. Some of the individual variance was associated with gender and age with women having generally larger duration judgment ratios (subjective/objective time) than did men (t(110)=2.91, p<.01) and age was significantly correlated with duration judgment ratio. Time was reported to pass slower than usual during relaxation (t(34) = 5.37, p<.01), but time spent relaxed was remembered as significantly shorter than time spent in the control activity (F(2,108) = 9.88, p <.01). Stress led to increases in subjective to objective time ratio (t(37) = 2.34, p <.05), and time following a period of stress was reported to pass quickly. Attention to the present was related to lower reported distress, whereas attention to the past was positively correlated with self-reported distress. These data imply that changes in time perception may reflect changes in experiences of stress or relaxation. Also, interventions to increase focus of attention on the present may be helpful to reduce distress. SUBJECT TERMS Department of Medical and Clinical PsychologyChanges in time perception during and following experiences of stress and relaxation are commonly reported...

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Developmental Changes in Human Duration Judgments: A Meta-Analytic Review

Cited by 109 publications

References 42 publications

Perceptual Tests of an Algorithm for Musical Key-Finding.

Perceptual Tests of an Algorithm for Musical Key-Finding.

A timing-specific memory distortion effect in young children

Effects of stress and relaxation on time perception

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