Developmental compartmentalization in the dorsal mesothoracic disc of Drosophila

Garcı́a-Bellido, Antonio; Ripóll, Pedro; Morata, Ginés

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(76)90052-x

Cited by 339 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Classical experiments studying the behavior of clonally marked cells indicated that the adult epidermis is divided into anterior and posterior developmental compartments as well as segments (Garcia-Bellido et al, 1973). Further studies showed that engrailed function is required to specify cells as members of posterior compartments (Lawrence and Morata, 1976;Kornberg, 1981b;Lawrence and Struhl, 1982).…”

Section: Engrailed Is a Marker Of Anterior-posterior Compartmental Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The function of engrailed was examined by classical studies that focused on the requirement for engrailed in the imaginal discs that give rise to adult structures. These studies showed that the adult segments are subdivided into anterior and posterior compartments (Garcia-Bellido et al, 1973;Lawrence et al, 1979) that the cells contributing to these compartments are clonally distinct throughout most of development, and that this distinction requires engrailed function in the cells of the posterior compartment (Lawrence and Morata, 1976;Kornberg, 1981b;Lawrence and Struhl, 1982). This led to the proposal that engrailed encodes a regulator that acts, wherever it is expressed, to direct cells along a pathway of posterior compartment development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of embryonic pattern in D. melanogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein

DiNardo

1985

Cell

397

193

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Summaryengrailed is required to establish and maintain developmental compartments within each segment of the fly. To understand the role of the engrailed protein in this process, we have raised antibodies against engrailed and have visualized an engrailed protein in embryos by indirect immunofluorescence. The protein accumulates in the nucleus, supporting the notion that engrailed is a regulatory factor. The first pattern of expression is in alternating segments followed by expression in every segment, suggesting that engrailed may be responding to pair-rule segmentation gene products. Overall, engrailed protein levels peak in areas undergoing morphogenesis. Finally, the complex final form of the head and terminalia derive from earlier simple subdivision of these areas into developmental fields by engrailed.

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Section: Engrailed Is a Marker Of Anterior-posterior Compartmental Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of embryonic pattern in D. melanogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein

DiNardo

1985

Cell

397

193

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“…This distinction can be seen as a lineage restriction when individual embryonic cells are marked by mitotic recombination 5,6 . These give rise to clonal patches in the adult that never span the boundary between the anterior and posterior compartments, demonstrating that, from the time of marking, the progeny of a given cell only contribute to one compartment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple modes of engrailed regulation in the progression towards cell fate determination

Heemskerk

DiNardo

Kostriken³

et al. 1991

Nature

249

147

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The engrailed gene product of Drosophila specifies the fate of a subset of cells in each segment. Our studies of engrailed regulation suggest that fate determination is an elaborate, multistep process. At the time in embryogenesis when the engrailed-dependent cell fate is probably determined, four modes of control act in an overlapping progression to govern engrailed expression. After activation by pairrule genes, both an extracellular signal, wingless, and autoregulation are required for engrailed expression. Autoregulation graduates to wingless independence, but is transient, and is superseded by an engrailed-independent mode of maintenance.Two levels of commitment have been defined for the choice of cell fate 1 . Early in development, fate can be instructed by environmental cues. This fate specification is flexible and allows fate to change in response to extracellular signals. But cells can undergo a transition from this type of specification to one which is determined and therefore irreversible. Because a determined cell maintains a particular fate independent of its environment, the transition to a determined state requires that development comes under cell-intrinsic, rather than cell-extrinsic control. The identification of selector genes in Drosophila provides an opportunity to study the basis of both types of cell-fate control. Selector genes encode regulators whose function defines the fate of a cell, and whose continued expression stably maintains cell fate 2,3 . Where the choice of cell fate is initially dependent on the environment, selector gene expression must be sensitive to extracellular signals. By contrast, once cell fate is determined, expression of these genes must be governed exclusively by cell-intrinsic factors.The engrailed (en) gene is a selector gene that distinguishes two populations of cells in each developing embryonic segment, the progenitors of the anterior and posterior compartments 3,4 . This distinction can be seen as a lineage restriction when individual embryonic cells are marked by mitotic recombination 5,6 . These give rise to clonal patches in the adult that never span the boundary between the anterior and posterior compartments, demonstrating that, from the time of marking, the progeny of a given cell only contribute to one compartment. This restriction requires expression of en by posterior cells 3,4,7 . But it seems that the onset of localized en expression in early embryos is not sufficient to irreversibly determine posterior compartment identity because en requires at least one cell-extrinsic input at this time.This input is provided by the wingless (wg) gene, expressed in segmentally repeated stripes of cells that lie next to en-expressing cells 8,9 . The wg protein, which is homologous to the product of the proto-oncogene Wnt-1 ( ref. 10 ), is secreted and appears to be taken up by en-expressing cells 9 . In wg mutant embryos, en expression is initiated in a normal striped pattern but soon stops, indicating that continued en expression in wild-type embryos r...

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“…Often this has no impact on organ size and proportion, demonstrating a high degree of flexibility in the allocation of space within an organ 13,16,27 . Interestingly however, such growth differentials lead to the elimination of slow-growing cells by apoptosis, and this increases the ability of faster-growing cells to colonize the tissue 16,17,26,28 . It is the local difference in growth rate that seems to be the determinant of cell death: cells that grow slowly, for example as a result of reduced translational capacity 29 , survive in their own company but are eliminated in the presence of wild-type cells 2,13,14,16,17 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and mechanics of cell competition in epithelia

Vincent

Fletcher²,

Baena‐López

2013

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

129

121

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Developmental compartmentalization in the dorsal mesothoracic disc of Drosophila

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Cited by 339 publications

References 20 publications

Development of embryonic pattern in D. melanogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein

Development of embryonic pattern in D. melanogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein

Multiple modes of engrailed regulation in the progression towards cell fate determination

Mechanisms and mechanics of cell competition in epithelia

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