Developmental duration and morphology of the sea star asterias amurensis, in tongyeong, Korea

Size distribution of individuals in the population of Asterias amurensis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) and its reproductive cycle in China

“…. From north to south, the spawning season of the sea stars was different: from June to September in Russian (Kashenko, 2005); from January to May in different latitude of Japan (Hatanaka and Kosaka, 1959;Ino et al, 1955;Kim, 1968); from April to May in Korea (Paik et al, 2005), and from July to October in Tasmania (Morrice, 1995). Stage II, growing ovary is lined with pre-(PV) to late-(LV) vitellogenic oocytes.…”

“…The Russian researcher also found two peaks in the maturation of gonads, one in June and the other in September, with the water temperature of 17°C and 23°C, respectively (Novikova, 1978). Nevertheless, only one spawning season was observed in Japan and Korea, e.g., from April to May in Korea (Paik et al, 2005), and from January to May at around 10°C in Japan (Hatanaka and Kosaka, 1958;Ino et al, 1955;Kim, 1968). It is noteworthy that only one spawning season from October to January was observed in A. amurensis from Qingdao coast which was not consistent with our results (Zhang et al, 2014).…”

“…widely distributes in the oceans of the northern hemisphere (Byrne et al, 1997). The specie Asterias amurensis is commonly found in the northwest and northeast Pacific, especially Russia (Kashenko, 2005), Japan (Nojima et al, 1986), Korea (Paik et al, 2005), China (Liao and You, 2002), Norton Sound Alaska (Oliver et al, 1983), and Tasmania (Morrice, 1995;Byrne et al, 1997;Ross et al 2004Ross et al , 2006. In China, A. amurensis distributes in the Bohai Bay and Yellow Sea, especially in the Yanwei fishing ground, Bohai Sea, and coastal waters of Changshan Island (Zhou et al, 1996).…”

“…Asterinid species have different reproductive patterns, including seasonal or continuous breeding periodicity (Carvalho and Ventura, 2002;Barker and Xu, 1991b;Byrne, 1992;Paik et al, 2005;Pastor-de-Ward et al, 2007;Mariante et al, 2010;Micael et al, 2011;Benítez-villalobos and Martínez-garcía, 2012). The differences are related to many environmental factors, including temperature, hydrodynamics, the quantity and quality of available food, and photoperiod.…”

“…The differences are related to many environmental factors, including temperature, hydrodynamics, the quantity and quality of available food, and photoperiod. The seasonal changes of sea temperature affected both larval developmental duration and growth rate (Paik et al, 2005) with the tendency of quicker development in warmer water (Strathmann, 1978;Barker and Nichols, 1983). The size-age composition and reproduction cycle for A. amurensis were different from north to south by latitude, e.g., from Russi-an, Japan, Korea and China to Tasmania (Hatanaka and Kosaka, 1958;Morrice, 1995;Kashenko, 2005;Paik et al, 2005).…”