Developmental effects of trichloroacetate in Zebrafish embryos: Association with the production of superoxide anion

Abstract

To assess the developmental toxicity of trichloroacetate (TCA), zebrafish embryos were exposed to 8 to 48 mM of TCA and evaluated for developmental milestones from 8‐ to 144‐hour postfertilization (hpf). All developmental toxicities are reported in this paper. Embryos were found to have developed edema in response to 16 to 48 mM of TCA exposure at 32‐ to 80‐hpf, experienced delay in hatching success in response to 24 to 48 mM at 80‐hpf. Lordosis was observed in developing embryos exposed to 40 to 48 mM at 55‐ to 144‐hpf. The observed toxic effects of TCA exposure were found to be concentration and exposure period independent. Effects were found to be associated with increases in superoxide anion production, but these increases were also found to be concentration and time independent. TCA resulted in concentration‐dependent increases in embryonic lethality at 144‐hpf, with an LC50 determined to be 29.7 mM.

Adverse effects in the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test: a catalogue of unspecific morphological changes versus more specific effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

“…The most frequently malformation mentioned in the literature is lordosis [34][35][36][37]. However, the term "lordosis" has also frequently been used as a generic term for any type of curvature of the spine [38]. Another study, however, correctly identified lordosis, but annotated "scoliosis"…”

“…Lordosis, for example, is a term frequently used for all types of back curvatures and deformations, whilst these should be divided into lordosis (hyperextension of the back), kyphosis (hunchback) and scoliosis (sideways curvature). Whereas some publications correctly identify lordosis as a hyperextension of the back [34][35][36][37], other communications use this term to describe what was actually scoliosis [38]. One paper correctly determined lordosis, but scoliosis was annotated as "spinal column flexure (tail defect)", and alterations noted as kyphosis rather appear as a break in the spinal column than a curvature [39].…”