Developmental expression of sulfated glycoprotein‐2 in the epididymis of the rat

Hermo, Louis; Barin, K.; Oko, Richard

doi:10.1002/ar.1092400306

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Sgp2, which is also a secreted protein, was present on spermatozoa and the luminal walls of somatic epididymal cells in caput segments 3-5 and the corpus (Fig. 2C), similar to its localization in the rat (26,29,30). In contrast to its rather ubiquitous presence as a secreted protein, Sgp2 was only present in the cytoplasm of some somatic cells in segments 3 and 4 (thus, it overlapped with Pem in these segments) and in a few cells in segment 5 (not observable at the magnification shown in Fig.…”

Section: Developmentally Regulated Expression In the Caput Region Of supporting

confidence: 58%

Pem Homeobox Gene Regulatory Sequences That Direct Androgen-dependent Developmentally Regulated Gene Expression in Different Subregions of the Epididymis

Rao

Wayne

Wilkinson

2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The epididymis is a useful model system to understand the mechanisms that govern region-specific gene expression, as many gene products display spatially restricted expression within this organ. However, surprisingly little is known about how this regulation is achieved. Here, we report regulatory sequences from the Pem homeobox gene that drive expression in different subregions of the mouse epididymis in vivo. We found that the 0.3-kb 5-flanking sequence (region I) from the Pem proximal promoter (Pem Pp) was sufficient to confer androgen-dependent and developmentally regulated expression in the caput region of the epididymis. Expression was restricted to the normal regions of expression of Pem in the caput (segments 2-4), but there was also aberrant expression in the corpus region. This corpus misexpression was extinguished when 0.6 kb of Pem Pp 5-flanking sequence was included in the transgene, indicating that one or more negative regulatory elements exist between 0.6 and 0.3 kb upstream of the Pem Pp start site (region II). When heterologous sequences were introduced upstream of the Pem Pp, expression was further restricted, mainly to caput segment 3, implying that the Pem Pp has segmentspecific regulatory elements. To our knowledge, the regulatory regions we have identified are the shortest so far defined that dictate regionally localized expression in the epididymis in vivo. They may be useful for identifying the factors that regulate region-specific expression in the epididymis, for expressing and conditionally knocking out genes in different subregions of the epididymis, for treating male infertility, and for generating novel methods of male contraception.The adult epididymis is a highly convoluted tubule divided into three different regions: the caput, the corpus, and the cauda. These regions are further organized into infra-regional segments divided by connective tissue called septula. This regionalization creates different luminal fluid environments that probably play a crucial role regulating sperm motility and fertilizing capacity within the caput and corpus, and storing mature spermatozoa in the cauda. The function and identity of each region are thought to be dictated by the particular constellation of proteins expressed in each region. For example, cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic (Cres)

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Section: Developmentally Regulated Expression In the Caput Region Of supporting

confidence: 58%

Pem Homeobox Gene Regulatory Sequences That Direct Androgen-dependent Developmentally Regulated Gene Expression in Different Subregions of the Epididymis

Rao

Wayne

Wilkinson

2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Clusterin was shown to play a role in spermatogenesis [24] and, in animal models, its expression was demonstrated during embryogenesis [25]. Thus, clusterin appears to play a role in the developmental changes of germ cells and related structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of Clusterin Expression in Testicular Germ Cell Tumours

et al. 2001

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Objectives: Clusterin is implicated in many biological processes including cell adhesion, apoptosis and transformation. Clusterin expression was demonstrated during sperm maturation and is overexpressed in different malignancies including breast and prostate carcinomas and anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the expression of clusterin in a series of different germ cell tumours by immunohistochemistry. Twenty-two seminomas, 27 embryonal carcinomas, 22 mature and immature teratomas, 8 yolk sac tumours and 1 chorion carcinoma as well as 30 normal testes were analysed using a monoclonal antibody. Results: In normal testes strong signals were seen in the maturing germ cells and in Leydig cells. In most tumours examined no clusterin expression was detected (84%). Only a focal weak expression was seen in some teratomas (32%), embryonal carcinomas (15%) and yolk sac tumours (25%). Conclusions: Our results suggest that clusterin is associated with normal germ cell development and that the loss of clusterin expression might play a role in the malignant transformation of germ cells.

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“…The binding of sCLU to unstressed ligands, stressed proteins and membrane receptors most probably occurs at different parts of the molecule [24]. Considering its chaperone features and the consequent repertoire of unrelated binding partners it is not surprising that CLU has been implicated in numerous physiological processes including complement regulation [8], cellular debris clearance [27], phagocyte recruitment [28], lipid transportation [29], development [30,31], differentiation [32], sperm maturation [33], cell aggregation, adhesion and cell -cell interactions [34,35], DNA repair [17], nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling [36], cell cycle regulation [37] and cellular death [6,12,18,38 -42]. Moreover, sCLU maintains the solubility of the Alzheimer (AD) Ab peptides [43] and under normal conditions about 90% of the sCLU-Ab complex is associated with plasma HDL fractions [44].…”

Section: Clu Structure and Proposed Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of clusterin/apolipoprotein J, a functional homologue to the small heat shock proteins, by oxidative stress in ageing and age-related diseases

Trougakos

Gonos

2006

Free Radical Research

165

131

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Clusterin/apolipoprotein J (CLU) gene has a nearly ubiquitous expression pattern in human tissues. The two main CLU protein isoforms in human cells include the conventional glycosylated secreted heterodimer (sCLU) and a truncated nuclear form (nCLU). CLU has been implicated in various physiological processes and in many severe physiological disturbance states including ageing, cancer progression, vascular damage, diabetes, kidney and neuron degeneration. Although unrelated in their etiology and clinical manifestation, these diseases represent states of increased oxidative stress, which in turn, promotes amorphous aggregation of target proteins, increased genomic instability and high rates of cellular death. Among the various properties attributed to CLU so far, those mostly investigated and invariably appreciated are its small heat shock proteins-like chaperone activity and its involvement in cell death regulation, which are both directly correlated to the main features of oxidant injury. Moreover, the presence of both a heat shock transcription factor-1 and an activator protein-1 element in the CLU gene promoter indicate that CLU gene can be an extremely sensitive biosensor to reactive oxygen species. This review emphasizes on CLU gene regulation by oxidative stress that is the common link between all pathological conditions where CLU has been implicated.

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Developmental expression of sulfated glycoprotein‐2 in the epididymis of the rat

Cited by 25 publications

References 27 publications

Pem Homeobox Gene Regulatory Sequences That Direct Androgen-dependent Developmentally Regulated Gene Expression in Different Subregions of the Epididymis

Pem Homeobox Gene Regulatory Sequences That Direct Androgen-dependent Developmentally Regulated Gene Expression in Different Subregions of the Epididymis

Downregulation of Clusterin Expression in Testicular Germ Cell Tumours

Regulation of clusterin/apolipoprotein J, a functional homologue to the small heat shock proteins, by oxidative stress in ageing and age-related diseases

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