Developmental Issues in Evidence‐Based Practice

A "Cool Kids" Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Group for Youth with Anxiety Disorders: Part 2, Analysis of the Process and Outcome of Responders Versus Nonresponders

“…Weisz, Weiss, Han, Granger, & Morton, 1995 confirmation of the critique raised by Holmbeck, Greenley and Franks (2003) that age is a weak indicator of the cognitive developmental level that is characterized by a vast heterogeneity and as pointed out by Daleiden and colleagues (1999), the relationships found between age and treatment response may in fact reflect other factors associated with age.…”

The Case of "Hiro": Treating Tourette Syndrome by Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)

“…In the case of TS, it is further compounded by the lack of consistent and clear literature on what drugs work best, which is further affected by the waxing and waning cycles of TS as part of its normative developmental patterns (Roessner et al, 2011). Two important concepts to keep in mind while determining what treatment to provide for TS are equifinality-the idea that a single disorder can be caused via different pathways-and multifinality-the idea that the same internal or external event can lead to different outcomes in different individuals, some adaptive and others maladaptive (Hinshaw, 2013;Holmbeck, Devine, & Bruno, 2010). These ideas are useful because if TS can have different etiologies in different individuals, it is easier to understand why different pharmacological and behavioral treatments are effective for different people.…”

Group Cognitive-Behavior Therapy with Family Involvement for Middle-School-Age Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study

“…First, evidence demonstrates that preadolescents benefit less than older individuals do from CBT intervention-the treatment with the most evidence for OCD. 11 This may be related to younger children's immature cognitive development and lesser drive for autonomy. To participate in CBT, one needs to be able to think about one's own thoughts, consider how those thoughts affect feelings and behavior, and perform uncomfortable behaviors with a belief that the future will be better as a result.…”

“…Second, children who are pre-pubertal, compared to older children, benefit more from parent training, likely due to their spending more time and having more emotional orientation to their parents. 11 Third, evidence from Barrett and other's work suggests that specific deficits in OCD family interactions impair therapeutic progress and should be addressed with families. Specifically, in a study comparing families of children with OCD, anxious children, externalizing disorders and non-clinical children, Barrett and colleagues found that OCD families were less confident in their children's abilities, granted the children less autonomy and were less competent in using flexible problem-solving techniques.…”

“…3 Cognitive-behavior therapy for children, which teaches children cognitive strategies to challenge and detach themselves from obsessions and the behavioral technique of exposure and response prevention involving refraining from performing compulsions, appears to be an effective treatment option with improvement in the range of 25-67% in study protocols. 6−8 de Haan and colleagues compared the effectiveness of medication therapy (clomipramine) and behavior therapy (exposure and response prevention with cognitive elements) in a small sample of [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] yearold children. 9 Each treatment reduced OCD symptoms but behavior therapy yielded stronger therapeutic changes on severity of obsessions and compulsions as measured by the Children's YaleBrown Obsessive Compulsive scale (CY-BOCS).…”