Developmental rates of embryos of Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L., in response to various levels of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water exchange

Hamor, T.; Garside, E. T.

doi:10.1139/z76-221

Cited by 96 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Dissolved O 2 was monitored daily in the normoxic (98.7±0.4%) and hypoxic (29.7±0.5%) treatment tanks throughout the experiment (Hach LDO101 electrode connected to Hach HQ30d meter, Hach Company, Mississauga, ON, Canada). Because hypoxia exposure delays salmonid development (Shumway et al, 1964;Hamor and Garside, 1976;Ciuhandu et al, 2005;Miller et al, 2008), embryo sampling was stage-matched for the two treatment groups. Embryos were sampled at Vernier Stages 27 (prehatch; circulatory system is formed and functioning), 30 (hatch), 32 and 33 (in preliminary experiments a large increase in P 50 was observed between these stages), and 35 (near-complete yolk absorption; Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Protocol Treatment Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure

Bianchini

Wright

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIn rainbow trout development, a switch occurs from high-affinity embryonic hemoglobin (Hb) and round, embryonic erythrocytes to lower-affinity adult Hb and oval, adult erythrocytes. Our study investigated the early ontogeny of rainbow trout blood properties and the hypoxia response. We hypothesized that hypoxia exposure would delay the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes because retention of high-affinity embryonic Hb would facilitate oxygen loading. To test this hypothesis we developed a method of efficiently extracting blood from individual embryos and larvae and optimized several techniques for measuring hematological parameters on microliter (0.5-2.0 μl) blood samples. In chronic hypoxia (30% of oxygen saturation), stage-matched embryos and larvae possessed half the Hb concentration, erythrocyte counts and hematocrit observed in normoxia. Hypoxia-reared larvae also had threefold to sixfold higher mRNA expression of the embryonic Hb α-1, β-1 and β-2 subunits relative to stage-matched normoxia-reared larvae. Furthermore, in hypoxia, the round embryonic erythrocytic shape persisted into later developmental stages. Despite these differences, Hb-oxygen affinity (P 50 ), cooperativity and the Root effect were unaltered in hypoxia-reared O. mykiss. The data support our hypothesis that chronic hypoxia delays the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes, but without the predicted functional consequences (i.e. higher than expected P 50 ). These results also suggest that the Hb-oxygen affinity is protected during development in chronic hypoxia to favor oxygen unloading at the tissues. We conclude that in early trout development, the blood-oxygen transport system responds very differently to chronic hypoxia relative to adults, possibly because respiration depends relatively more on oxygen diffusion than convection.

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Section: Experimental Protocol Treatment Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure

Bianchini

Wright

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…DO levels in the water were monitored using a Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen (LDO TM ) meter (model HQ40d-LDO101, Hach Co., Loveland, CO, USA). Hypoxic exposure results in developmental delay (Hamor and Garside, 1976) and therefore measurements for this group were stage-matched with the normoxic group. Fig.1 is a picture of two larvae from the same fertilization event but reared under chronic hypoxia or control conditions.…”

Section: Series I: Adrenergic and Cholinergic Cardiac Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the encapsulated, non-motile embryos may remain under these conditions for up to 5 months prior to emergence (Youngson et al, 2004). Previous work has demonstrated that embryonic development of teleost fish is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions (Ørnsrud et al, 2004) and that chronic hypoxia exposure delays development in fish (Shumway et al, 1964;Hamor and Garside, 1976;Ciuhandu et al, 2005;Spicer and Burggren, 2003;Bagatto, 2005;Miller et al, 2008). The reduction in developmental rate represents an adaptive response to reduce O 2 demand (Miller et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny of regulatory control of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heart and how this is influenced by chronic hypoxia exposure

Miller

Gillis

Wright

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYSalmonid embryos develop in cool waters over relatively long periods of time. Interestingly, hypoxic conditions have been found to be relatively common in some nesting sites (redds). The goals of this study were to determine the ontogeny of cardiac regulation in rainbow trout early life stages and how this is influenced by chronic hypoxia. The heart rate response to cholinergic and adrenergic receptor stimulation or inhibition was measured in individuals reared in normoxic (100% O 2 saturation) or hypoxic (30% O 2 saturation) conditions from fertilization to embryonic stages 22, 26 and 29, and larval stages 30 and 32. In normoxia, heart rate increased in response to -adrenergic receptor stimulation (isoproterenol) as early as embryonic stage 22, and decreased with the antagonist propranolol after this stage. Cholinergic stimulation (acetylcholine) was ineffective at all stages, but atropine (acetylcholine antagonist) increased heart rate at larval stage 32. This demonstrates that cardiac -adrenergic receptors are functional at early life stages, while cholinergic receptors are not responsive until after hatching. Collectively, embryos had cardioacceleration control mechanisms in place just after the heartbeat stage, while cardio-inhibitory control was not functional until after hatching. Chronic hypoxia exposure triggered bradycardia, increased the response to adrenergic stimulation in embryos and larvae, and delayed the onset of cholinergic control in larvae. In non-motile stages, therefore, survival in chronic low oxygen may depend on the ability to alter the cardiac ontogenic program to meet the physiological requirements of the developing fish.

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“…De plus, mis à part MASON (1969) sur !e saumon coho (Oncorhyncus kisutch), les travaux déjà réalisés en conditions contrôlées ne décrivent pas les effets sublétaux possibles lors d'hypoxies temporaires (WICKETT, 1954 ;ALDERDICE et al, 1958 ;GARSIDE, 1966 ;HAMOR et GARSIDE, 1976et 1977.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Expositions d'oeufs de truite commune (Salmo trutta) à des hypoxies temporaires ou continue : effets sur la branchie, la résorption de la vésicule vitelline et les caractéristiques morphométriques des alevins

Massa¹,

Delorme²,

Baglinière³

et al. 1999

Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic.

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Des études menées en rivière sur l'oxygénation dans les frayères à salmonidés ont suggéré que la survie des embryons pendant la phase sous graviers dépend de la teneur en oxygène dans les frayères à certains moments clés du développement. Deux expérimentations ont ainsi été mises en place afin de tester les effets d'hypoxies de 3 mg/l appliquées de façon temporaire (7 jours) ou en continu sur le développement d'embryons de truite commune (Salmo trutta). Les effets ont été analysés en terme de survie, croissance et résorption de la vésicule vitelline, dynamique d'éclosion et mise en place de l'appareil branchial après l'éclosion en hypoxie continue et à saturation.Les résultats ont montré que la teneur en oxygène de 3 mg/l à un débit de circulation de l'eau de 300 ml/min n'est pas létale pour les embryons, mais qu'elle induit des effets sublétaux à partir de la 3 ème semaine de développement : les dates d'éclosion sont retardées, la longueur à la fourche des alevins est significativement réduite ainsi que EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENT OF BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA) EGGS UNDER TEMPORARY OR CONTINUOUS HYPOXIAL STRESS : EFFECTS ON THE GILLS, YOLK SAC RESORPTION AND MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS. ABSTRACTEcological studies on oxygénation in redds in salmonid streams suggest that the egg-to-fry survival strongly dépends on oxygen supply at key stages of development. This probably results in an increased eggs mortality. Thus two experiments have been carried out to test the effects of temporary or continuous hypoxial stress on early life development of brown trout (Salmo trutta) eggs. Survival, growth, hatching and yolk-sac résorption dynamics were analysed as well as branchial development after hatching in oxygenated and deoxygenated (3 mg/l at a 300 ml/min water flow) conditions.The results show that this oxygen concentration is not lethal for the embryos at hatching. However sublethal effects are observed when hypoxial stress is applied three weeks after fertilisation : hatching time is delayed, alevins are shorter, water content and yolk-sac conversion rate are lower than the ones from the control. More pronounced effects are observed under continuous hypoxie condition and higher mortalities are counted after hatching and until yolk sac résorption. This is probably due to limited respiratory exchanges linked to a reduced development of the gills.

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Developmental rates of embryos of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in response to various levels of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water exchange

Cited by 96 publications

References 11 publications

Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure

Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure

The ontogeny of regulatory control of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heart and how this is influenced by chronic hypoxia exposure

Expositions d'oeufs de truite commune (Salmo trutta) à des hypoxies temporaires ou continue : effets sur la branchie, la résorption de la vésicule vitelline et les caractéristiques morphométriques des alevins

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