Developmental stages challenging cross-linguistic transfer: L2 acquisition of Norwegian adjectival agreement in attributive and predicative contexts

Abstract

This study presents cross-sectional data on adjectival agreement in second-language (L2) learners of Norwegian with four different first languages (L1s). The target language has full noun phrase agreement between article, adjective and noun, and the source languages represent different agreement conditions, similar to or different from the target language. Sixteen learners participated in the study, and their oral production of adjective agreement was analysed individually. Two hypotheses were proposed. First, learners will develop adjectival agreement in a piecemeal way and follow the developmental stages predicted by Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998), with attributive and predicative agreement implicationally ordered. Second, learners with adjective agreement in the L1 will transfer that into the L2, whereas learners without agreement in the L1 will not use agreement. Under the first hypothesis, we expect the learners to be distributed along a developmental scale, with some learners applying agreement in attributive positions only and others applying agreement in both the attributive and predicative positions. Under the second hypothesis, we anticipate a difference between the groups: Learners with agreement in their L1 will mark agreement in all contexts where it occurs in the L1, whereas learners who do not have agreement in their L1 will fail to mark agreement overall. The comparison demonstrates larger differences within the L1 groups than between the L1 groups. This suggests a gradual acquisition of agreement, with the agreement features and positions emerging one by one rather than being transferred from the L1.

Agreement Asymmetries with Adjectives in Heritage Greek

“…In other works, accuracy rates were higher for predicative than attributive positions (see, e.g., Bartning 2002;Dewaele and Véronique 2001). Håkansson and Arntzen (2021) focused on the influence of L1 on L2 production of Norwegian gender and number agreement in attributive and predicative contexts. They show that attributive agreement is a prerequisite for predicative agreement and clear developmental stages can be identified.…”

“…Finally, we also look at both pre-and postnominal instances, and given previous findings on the difference between those two positions (Kupisch et al 2013;Håkansson and Arntzen 2021), we add the following research question, which, however, is secondary for this paper:…”

“…Moreover, we explore whether there is a contrast between prenominal and postnominal adjectival agreement, which has been discussed controversially in the literature; cf. Bartning (2002), and Kupisch et al (2013) for L2 French and Håkansson and Arntzen (2021) for L2 Norwegian, among others. Håkansson and Arntzen (2021), for instance, pointed out that more mismatches are produced in prenominal than in postnominal agreement.…”

“…Bartning (2002), and Kupisch et al (2013) for L2 French and Håkansson and Arntzen (2021) for L2 Norwegian, among others. Håkansson and Arntzen (2021), for instance, pointed out that more mismatches are produced in prenominal than in postnominal agreement. By contrast, Irizarri van Suchtelen (2016) for Spanish HSs, and Alemán Bañón et al (2012) and Foote (2010) for L2 Spanish claim that prenominal attributive adjectives are easier to process and thus the speakers produce fewer mismatches compared with adjectives used predicatively in the postnominal position.…”