Developmental toxicity of halogenated acetonitriles: Drinking water by-products of chlorine disinfection

Smith, Milton T.; George, Emma Lou; Zenick, Harold; Manson, Jeanne M.; Stober, Judy A.

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(87)90140-5

Cited by 49 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Neurological impairment and developmental toxicity were also reported [12][13][14]. The carcinogenicity and genotoxic properties were well discussed in the review by Richardson et al, showing that the level of DBPs (trihalomethanes, THMs), exposure routes (dermal/inhalation), and specific genotype (having the GSTT1-1 gene) were considered as important factors associated with bladder cancer [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A comparative study of disinfection efficiency and regrowth control of microorganism in secondary wastewater effluent using UV, ozone, and ionizing irradiation process

Lee

Kim

Park

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

109

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A comparative study of disinfection efficiency and regrowth control of microorganism in secondary wastewater effluent using UV, ozone, and ionizing irradiation process

Lee

Kim

Park

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

109

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“…Hunter et al 33 found changes in neural tube development when they exposed mouse embryos to HAAs. Several chloroacetonitrile compounds have been shown to increase the rate of resorptions, reduce fetal body weight and survival,34 and to result in an increase in malformations of the cardiovascular, digestive, soft tissue, and urinogenital systems 3536 However, no adverse effects have been found for the brominated analogues 37.…”

Section: Biological Basis For the Hypothesis That Chlorination Dbps Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review

2000

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Objectives and methods-Chlorination has been the major disinfectant process for domestic drinking water for many years. Concern about the potential health eVects of the byproducts of chlorination has prompted the investigation of the possible association between exposure to these byproducts and incidence of human cancer, and more recently, with adverse reproductive outcomes. This paper evaluates both the toxicological and epidemiological data involving chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and adverse reproductive outcomes, and makes recommendations for future research. Results and conclusions-Relatively few toxicological and epidemiological studies have been carried out examining the eVects of DBPs on reproductive health outcomes. The main outcomes of interest so far have been low birth weight, preterm delivery, spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, and birth defects-in particular central nervous system, major cardiac defects, oral cleft, and respiratory, and neural tube defects. Various toxicological and epidemiological studies point towards an association between trihalomethanes (THMs), one of the main DBPs and marker for total DBP load, and (low) birth weight, although the evidence is not conclusive. Administered doses in toxicological studies have been high and even though epidemiological studies have mostly shown excess risks, these were often not significant and the assessment of exposure was often limited. Some studies have shown associations for DBPs and other outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirth and birth defects, and although the evidence for these associations is weaker it is gaining weight. There is no evidence for an association between THMs and preterm delivery. The main limitation of most studies so far has been the relatively crude methodology, in particular for assessment of exposure. Recommendations-Large, well designed epidemiological studies focusing on well defined end points taking into account relevant confounders and with particular emphasis on exposure characterisation are ideally needed to confirm or refute these preliminary findings. In practice, these studies may be impracticable, partly due to the cost involved, but this is an issue that can be put right-for example, by use of subsets of the population in the design of exposure models. The studies should also reflect diVerences of culture and water treatment in diVerent parts of the world. To identify the specific components that may be of aetiological concern and hence to fit the most appropriate exposure model with which to investigate human exposure to chlorinated DBPs, further detailed toxicological assessments of the mixture of byproducts commonly found in drinking water are also needed. (Occup Environ Med 2000;57:73-85)

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“…The trihalomethanes (THMs) are not considered teratogenic, but growth retardation has been reported in mice exposed to chloroform (Murray et al 1979;Ruddick et al 1983;Schwetz et al 1974;Thompson et al 1974). Growth retardation has also been reported in mice exposed to dichloroacetic acid (Smith et al 1992) and trichloroacetic acid (Smith et al 1989a) and in rats exposed to dichloroacetonitrile (Smith et al 1989b) and trichloroacetonitrile (Smith et al 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of disinfection by-products and mutagenic activity on birth weight and gestational duration.

Wright

Schwartz

Dockery

2004

Environ Health Perspect

169

128

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Epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products have traditionally focused on total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration as a surrogate for maternal exposure during pregnancy. We used birth certificate data on 196,000 infants to examine the effect of third-trimester exposures on various indices of fetal development. We examined the effect of town-average concentrations of TTHM and additional exposure metrics in relation to mean birth weight, mean gestational age, small for gestational age (SGA) infancy, and preterm delivery. Trihalomethane data (TTHM, chloroform, and bromodichloromethane) from 1995-1998 were available for 109 towns in Massachusetts. Data from 1997-1998 on haloacetic acid (total haloacetic acids, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5- hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), and mutagenicity were available for a limited number of towns. We observed reductions in mean birth weight (12-18 g) for maternal trihalomethane exposures > the 90th percentile compared with those < the 50th percentile. Birth weight reductions were detected for chloroform exposures > 20 microg/L and TTHM exposures > 40 microg/L. Elevated trihalomethanes were associated with increases in gestational duration and a reduced risk of preterm delivery. We found evidence of an exposure-response effect of trihalomethanes on risk of SGA, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.09 to 1.23 for bromodichloromethane exposures > 5 microg/L. Elevated mutagenic activity was associated with SGA [OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04 to 1.51] and mean birth weight (-27 g; 95% CI, -54 to -1). Although smaller in magnitude, our findings are consistent with previous studies reporting associations between trihalomethanes and SGA. These data also suggest a relationship between fetal development indices and mutagenic activity independent of exposure to trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and MX.

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Developmental toxicity of halogenated acetonitriles: Drinking water by-products of chlorine disinfection

Cited by 49 publications

References 6 publications

A comparative study of disinfection efficiency and regrowth control of microorganism in secondary wastewater effluent using UV, ozone, and ionizing irradiation process

A comparative study of disinfection efficiency and regrowth control of microorganism in secondary wastewater effluent using UV, ozone, and ionizing irradiation process

Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review

The effect of disinfection by-products and mutagenic activity on birth weight and gestational duration.

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