Developmental trajectories of metacognitive processing and executive function from childhood to older age

Filippi, Roberto; Ceccolini, Andrea; Periche-Tomas, Eva; Bright, Peter

doi:10.1177/1747021820931096

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…In contrast, in a large web-based convenience sample there was no effect of age on local metacognitive efficiency in a staircased visual dot-discrimination task (Rouault et al, 2018b). Another performance-controlled study found trends towards a decline in metacognitive efficiency from mid-to late-adulthood (Filippi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Age-related decreases in global metacognition are independent of local metacognition and task performance

McWilliams¹,

Bibbey²,

Steinbeis³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Metacognition refers to a capacity to reflect on and control other cognitive processes, commonly quantified as the extent to which confidence tracks objective performance. There is conflicting evidence about how metacognition changes across the lifespan and it is unknown whether “local” metacognition (monitoring of individual judgments) and “global” metacognition (estimates of self-ability) change. Additionally, the degree to which metacognition generalises across cognitive domains may itself change over time due to increased experience with one’s own abilities. Using a gamified metacognitive task we measured local and global metacognition during performance-controlled memory and visual perception tasks in an age-stratified sample of 304 healthy volunteers (18-83 years; N=50 in each of 6 age groups). We calculated both local and global metrics of metacognition and charted domain-generality with age. Task performance was stable with age. Global self-performance estimates and local metacognitive bias decreased with age, indicating overall lower confidence. Local metacognitive efficiency was unrelated to age and remained correlated across the two cognitive domains. A stability of local metacognition indicates distinct mechanisms contributing to local and global metacognition. Our study provides both a profile of local and global metacognition across the lifespan and a benchmark against which disease-related changes in metacognition can be compared.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Age-related decreases in global metacognition are independent of local metacognition and task performance

McWilliams¹,

Bibbey²,

Steinbeis³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Within the children group, 77 were English monolinguals and 77 were bilinguals/multilinguals of different linguistic backgrounds enrolled in UK primary schools. Their parents completed an online questionnaire designed to establish demographic, socio-economic, and linguistic information ( Filippi, Ceccolini, Periche-Tomas & Bright., 2020 ; Filippi, Ceccolini, Periche-Tomas, Papageorgiou et al, 2020 ). All multilingual children started the acquisition of two or more languages with English being one of them either simultaneously from birth ( N = 59) or within the first 5 years of life ( N = 18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of verbal fluency and executive functions in multilingual and monolingual children and adults: A cross-sectional study

Filippi

Ceccolini

Bright

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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The development of verbal fluency is associated with the maturation of executive function skills, such as the ability to inhibit irrelevant information, shift between tasks and hold information in working memory. Some evidence suggests that multilinguistic upbringing may underpin disadvantages in verbal fluency and lexical retrieval, but can also afford executive function advantages beyond the language system including possible beneficial effects in older age. This study examined the relationship between verbal fluency and executive function in 324 individuals across the lifespan by assessing the developmental trajectories of English monolingual and multilingual children aged 7 to 15 years (N=154) and adults from 18 to 80 years old (N=170). The childhood data indicated patterns of improvement in verbal fluency and executive function skills as a function of age. Multilingual and monolingual children had comparable developmental trajectories in all linguistic and non-linguistic measures used in the study with the exception of planning, for which monolingual children showed a steeper improvement over the studied age range relative to multilingual children. For adults, monolinguals and multilingual participants had comparable performance on all measures with the exception of non-verbal inhibitory control and response times on the Tower of London task: monolinguals showed a steeper decline associated with age. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that verbal fluency was associated with working memory and fluid intelligence in monolingual participants but not in multilinguals. These findings raise the possibility that early acquisition of an additional language may impact on the development of the functional architecture serving high-level human cognition.

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“…Also, in the study that took as its starting point the conceptual similarity between metacognition and executive function (EF), it turned out that EF steeply declined with age, while metacognitive efficiency was preserved. Moreover, according to the exploratory factor analysis results, EF and metacognition are loaded by different factors across all ages (Filippi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Comparison Between Older and Young Adults In Terms Of Gf And Wmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Working Memory, Fluid Intelligence and Age Based on the Results of Mediation and Moderation Analyses

Zając-Lamparska

2021

RPsych

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The positive relationship between working memory (WM) and fluid intelligence (Gf) is a well-established phenomenon, yet numerous studies reveal the age-related decline in both WM and Gf. From the perspective of the changes that WM and Gf undergo in adult development it may be assumed that accounting for age in studies of the relationship between these two is important, particularly in age-diverse groups. However, the issue of the WM-Gf link has rarely been considered from a developmental perspective, especially in adults. The analyses presented here focused on the role of age in the relationship between WM and Gf. The study sample comprised 63 participants in early adulthood (N = 33, aged 20–34) and late adulthood (N = 30, aged 60–73). They performed a computerised n-back task on 6 difficulty levels (from 1-back to 6-back) and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) in Polish standardisation. The obtained results indicated that although WM and Gf were found to be inferior among older than young adults, age was not a significant moderator of the association between WM and Gf. The relationship between age and Gf was not mediated by WM, which does not confirm that age-related changes in Gf may partially result from the developmental trajectory of WM. At the same time, age fully mediated the relationship between WM and Gf, suggesting the existence of a general factor of cognitive aging and implying that it may underlie an apparent relationship between WM and Gf in age-diverse groups.

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Developmental trajectories of metacognitive processing and executive function from childhood to older age

Cited by 20 publications

References 75 publications

Age-related decreases in global metacognition are independent of local metacognition and task performance

Age-related decreases in global metacognition are independent of local metacognition and task performance

Trajectories of verbal fluency and executive functions in multilingual and monolingual children and adults: A cross-sectional study

Relationship Between Working Memory, Fluid Intelligence and Age Based on the Results of Mediation and Moderation Analyses

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