Developmental trajectory of the forward testing effect: The role of reset-of-encoding

O uso da prática de lembrar na aprendizagem de crianças: revisão sistemática da literatura

“…Only 5% of studies that were included in this review were conducted in Latin America, according to Table 2. (Sheffield & Hudson, 2006); 2 years and a half (Fritz et al, 2007); 2 years and 10 months (Cornell et al, 1988); 3 years (Kliegl et al, 2018;; 4 years (Haebig et al, 2019;Haebig et al, 2021;; 4 years and 5 months (Carneiro et al, 2018); 5 years (Hotta et al, 2016) 6 years 10 (Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021;Ma, Li, Duzi et al, 2020;; 6 years and 3 months (Bailey et al, 2012); 6 years and 5 months (Lipowski et al, 2014); 7 years (Bouwmeester & Verkoeijen, 2011;Goossens et al, 2016;Jones et al, 2015;Marsh et al, 2012;Moore et al, 2018) 8 years 13 (Coyne et al, 2015;Lechuga et al, 2006;Ritchie et al, 2013); 8 years and 10 months (Jaeger et al, 2015); 8 years and 11 months ; 9 years (Goossens, Camp, Verkoeijen, Tabbers & Zwaan, 2014;Karpicke et al, 2014;Leahy & Sweller, 2019;Lima & Jaeger, 2020;Moreira, Pinto, Justi & Jaeger, 2019;Rohrer et al, 2010); 9 years and 2 months (Karpicke et al, 2016) 10 years 8…”

“…The materials used to investigate the effects of the retrieval practice on children were numerous. There were stories (Goossens, Camp, Verkoeijen, Tabbers & Zwaan, 2014), illustrated books (Cornell et al, 1988), texts adapted from pedagogical materials (Agarwal et al, 2014;Barenberg & Dutke, 2019;Jaeger et al, 2015;Karpicke et al, 2014;Leahy & Sweller, 2019;Lima & Jaeger, 2020;Marsh et al, 2012;Moreira, Pinto, Justi & Jaeger, 2019;Roediger, Agarwal et al, 2011;Rowley & McCrudden, 2020;Spitizer, 1939), proper names (Fritz et al, 2007), names of animals, plants, along with their respective information and semantic facts (Haebig et al, 2021), names of taxonomic categories represented by pictures (Lipowski et al, 2014), associated images and objects (Kliegl et al, 2018;Ma, Li, Duzi et al, 2020), associated images and pictures with their names and meanings Moore et al, 2018), lists of words (Bouwmeester & Verkoeijen, 2011;Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021;Haebig et al, 2019;Jones et al, 2015;Karpicke et al, 2016; introduced by one illustration, one definition and one context phrase (Goossens et al, 2016), words and synonyms, . Pairs of associated words were also used (Carneiro et al, 2018;Coyne et al, 2015;Hughes et al, 2018;Lechuga et al, 2006), pairs with concepts and their definitions (Lipko-Speeda et al, 2014), cards containing geographic information (Ritchie et al, 2013), fictitious maps…”

“…In the final test, the adults remembered more propositions (48%) than the older children (41%) and the younger children (34%) (Lechuga et al, 2006). On the other hand, Dang, Yang, Che et al (2021), as well as , observed that the frequency of correct retrieval increases with age and that, when compared to rereading, learning was more substantial for both younger children and older children (Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021). In the comparisons, the authors affirmed that there is a difference between the performance of children and adults.…”

“…Taking into consideration the age group of the target sample (children up to 12 years old) and the presence of beneficial effects of the retrieval practice, the literature shows that babies of 18 months or older (Sheffield & Hudson, 2006) already display the positive effects of this practice (Table 1). Three studies (Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021;Lechuga et al, 2006) aimed to compare learning performance after retrieval practice with that of children of different ages. For example, younger children (6-9 years), older children (10-12 years), and adults practiced retrieving during the reintroduction to content.…”

“…The rereading was done by the children (Bouwmeester & Verkoeijen, 2011;Carneiro et al, 2018;Cornell et al, 1988;Coyne et al, 2015;Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021;Goossens et al, 2016;Hughes et al, 2018;Jaeger et al, 2015;Karpicke et al, 2014;Karpicke et al, 2016;Leahy & Sweller, 2019;Lima & Jaeger, 2020;Lipko-Speeda et al, 2014;Ma, Li, Duzi et al, 2020;Moreira, Pinto, Justi & Jaeger, 2019), or by the experimenter (Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021;. Some studies combined rereading with other strategies such as conceptual maps (Karpicke et al, 2014), age (Dang, Yang, Che et al, 2021); elaboration and rereading , elaborative codification (generation of mediating words) (Hughes et al, 2018), pretests and posttests (Lima & Jaeger, 2020). Of these studies, which used rereading as a control condition, only one found a negative effect of retrieval practice.…”