Developments and Challenges for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Analysis of AC/DC/DC Converter Modules for Direct Current Fast-Charging Applications

“…The changes taking place in the electric vehicle market go beyond the traditional automotive market and significantly affect the operation of the entire electrical gridmainly due to the demand for energy and its availability [1,2], but also because of the quality of the processed energy [2,3]. Electro-mobility is going to be an important part of the modern energy transition, especially in the transportation sector.…”

“…However, the implementation of new technologies on a large scale carries many challenges and problems. One of the barriers to the development of electromobility is the lack of charging infrastructure, which effectively hinders the popularization of ecological transport [1][2][3][4].…”

“…Safe and fast charging of an electric vehicle battery with a minimized impact on its life is a complex process that requires the use of appropriate tools-mainly chargers, but also communication and management systems [9,10]. In recent times, the automotive industry and scientists are trying to find the optimal topology for on board and off board charging systems (OBC and OffBC, respectively) [1][2][3][4]. The wireless charging and battery swapping is also a convenient solution to provide energy to EVs.…”

“…In this paper, the OffBC topology is analyzed. The subject is interdisciplinary [2][3][4][5]11,12] and complicated, as the system consists of power electronic converters, sophisticated microcontrollers, communications, and monitoring systems. The very interdisciplinary problems that should be solved in the charging process are the reason why the development in this subject is relatively slow [5,6].…”

“…In case of a power circuit update, only the DC/DC stage can be replaced, while AC/DC remains the same. Moreover, due to the shortest charging time (the highest power), the convenient solution is direct current fast charging (DCFC), which allows direct connection to the vehicle's BMS with the battery without power limitation of the onboard charger [1][2][3][4]39,40].…”