“…As far as PM is concerned, an NIS perspective may lead to a more pragmatic stance, seeing the apparent "over-proliferation" of PIs and lack of coupling to clearly stated goals as less of a weakness, but rather a natural response to the need to provide information to a broad range of constituencies with vaguely defined and occasionally conflicting interests (Brignall and Modell, 2000;Feldman and March, 1981;Meyer and Gupta, 1994;Modell, 2004). A primary theme in empirical research informed by this approach has been to explore how public sector managers and organizations respond to external pressures to adopt various PM practices (see Johnsen, 1999;Johnsen et al, 2001;Lawton et al, 2000;McKevitt and Lawton, 1996;Modell, 2001;Townley, 2002). However, little attention has been paid to the development of models and standards for PM at the macro level of different organizational fields and the processes involved in establishing PIs and evaluation procedures that organizations are expected to comply with.…”