Developments in herpes simplex virus vaccines: Old problems and new challenges

Rajčáni, J; Ďurmanová, Vladimı́ra

doi:10.1007/bf02932160

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…The first approach is the subunit vaccines that use “asymptomatic” epitopes from envelop, tegument, and/or regulatory proteins with or without adjuvants [2, 32]. The second approach is the genetically engineered live attenuated vaccine without any putative neurovirulence or immuno-evasion genes [39, 55, 56]. Few vaccines with these dual modalities have attempted to provide sterilizing immunity.…”

Section: Past and Current Herpes Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Rational Design of an Asymptomatic Clinical Herpes Vaccine: The Old, the New, and the Unknown

Chentoufi

Kritzer

et al. 2012

Clinical and Developmental Immunology

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The best hope of controlling the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) pandemic is the development of an effective vaccine. However, in spite of several clinical trials, starting as early as 1920s, no vaccine has been proven sufficiently safe and efficient to warrant commercial development. In recent years, great strides in cellular and molecular immunology have stimulated creative efforts in controlling herpes infection and disease. However, before moving towards new vaccine strategy, it is necessary to answer two fundamental questions: (i) why past herpes vaccines have failed? (ii) Why the majority of HSV seropositive individuals (i.e., asymptomatic individuals) are naturally “protected” exhibiting few or no recurrent clinical disease, while other HSV seropositive individuals (i.e., symptomatic individuals) have frequent ocular, orofacial, and/or genital herpes clinical episodes? We recently discovered several discrete sets of HSV-1 symptomatic and asymptomatic epitopes recognized by CD4+and CD8+T cells from seropositive symptomatic versus asymptomatic individuals. These asymptomatic epitopes will provide a solid foundation for the development of novel herpes epitope-based vaccine strategy. Here we provide a brief overview of past clinical vaccine trials, outline current progress towards developing a new generation “asymptomatic” clinical herpes vaccines, and discuss future mucosal “asymptomatic” prime-boost vaccines that could optimize local protective immunity.

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Section: Past and Current Herpes Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Rational Design of an Asymptomatic Clinical Herpes Vaccine: The Old, the New, and the Unknown

Chentoufi

Kritzer

et al. 2012

Clinical and Developmental Immunology

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“…In general, development of an effective vaccine against HSV is complicated by some of the unique characteristics of herpes viruses [15,21–23]. These include:…”

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confidence: 99%

New concepts in herpes simplex virus vaccine development: notes from the battlefield

Dasgupta¹,

Chentoufi²,

Nesburn³

et al. 2009

Expert Review of Vaccines

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The recent discovery that T cells recognize different sets of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 epitopes from seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals might lead to a fundamental immunologic advance in vaccine development against herpes infection and diseases. The newly introduced needle-free mucosal (i.e., topical ocular and intravaginal) lipopeptide vaccines provide a novel strategy that might target ocular and genital herpes and possibly provide 'heterologous protection' from HIV-1. Indeed, mucosal self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines are easy to manufacture, simple to characterize, extremely pure, cost-effective, highly immunogenic and safe. In this review, we bring together recent published and unpublished data that illuminates the status of epitope-based herpes vaccine development and present an overview of our recent approach to an 'asymptomatic epitope'-based lipopeptide vaccine. †Author for correspondence

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“…However, the introduction of new adjuvants, which shift the cytokine production of helper T-cells toward the stimulation of cytotoxic T-cells, reveals a promising development. [21] Recently, the results of two controlled trials of an HSV type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD) vaccine revealed that vaccination reduced the rate of acquisition of genital herpes disease, but it did so only among HSVseronegative women. [22] The vaccine did not reduce the risk of disease among men and did not add to the protection provided by a previous HSV-1 infection in women.…”

Section: New Advances New Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Newer trends in the management of genital herpes

Nath¹,

Thappa²

2009

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol

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Management of genital herpes is complex. Apart from using the standard antivirals, an ideal management protocol also needs to address various aspects of the disease, including the psychological morbidity. Oral acyclovir, valacyclovir or famciclovir are recommended for routine use. Long-term suppressive therapy is effective in reducing the number of recurrences and the risk of transmission to others. Severe or disseminated disease may require intravenous therapy. Resistant cases are managed with foscarnet or cidofovir. Genital herpes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals usually needs a longer duration of antiviral therapy along with continuation of highly active anti retroviral therapy (HAART). Genital herpes in late pregnancy increases the risk of neonatal herpes. Antiviral therapy and/or cesarean delivery are indicated depending on the clinical circumstance. Acyclovir appears to be safe in pregnancy. But, there is limited data regarding the use of valacyclovir and famciclovir in pregnancy. Neonatal herpes requires a higher dose of acyclovir given intravenously for a longer duration. Management of the sex partner, counseling and prevention advice are equally important in appropriate management of genital herpes. Vaccines till date have been marginally effective. Helicase-primase inhibitors, needle-free mucosal vaccine and a new microbicide product named VivaGel may become promising treatment options in the future.

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Developments in herpes simplex virus vaccines: Old problems and new challenges

Cited by 14 publications

References 182 publications

Towards a Rational Design of an Asymptomatic Clinical Herpes Vaccine: The Old, the New, and the Unknown

Towards a Rational Design of an Asymptomatic Clinical Herpes Vaccine: The Old, the New, and the Unknown

New concepts in herpes simplex virus vaccine development: notes from the battlefield

Newer trends in the management of genital herpes

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