Developments in Low-Temperature Polymerization of GR-S Latex

Smith, H. S.; Werner, Heiko; Westerhoff, C. B.; Howland, L. H.

doi:10.1021/ie50493a053

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The high values obtained for GR-S 2100 and J-4248-K are in accord with the rather large amounts of cream observed to form in these latices. The data in the last column confirm the usual findings (14) of large average particle size in cold high-solids latices. The data were obtained by centrifuging the diluted latex and determining average particle size by measurement of turbidity (8) on a sample removed from a point in the centrifuge tube such that particles larger than 4000 A. in diameter were absent.…”

Section: Distribution Curves Of Other Laticessupporting

confidence: 86%

Determination of Particle Size Distribution in GR-S Latices

Nisonoff¹,

Messer²,

Howland³

1954

Anal. Chem.

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Section: Distribution Curves Of Other Laticessupporting

confidence: 86%

Determination of Particle Size Distribution in GR-S Latices

Nisonoff¹,

Messer²,

Howland³

1954

Anal. Chem.

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“…Results 15,16, and 17 show the effect of the presence of an equimolar quantity of benzaldehyde at pH 9.0, 11.3, and 11.4, again indicating that certain compounds upon addition to the system are able to reduce the amount of reaction between acrylonitrile and the amine and that the reaction is favored by increased pH. Results 18,19,and 20 indicate that the effect of 3-hydroxy-2butanone in 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively, is small, but result 21 shows that if the 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and amine are contacted in concentrated solution prior to dilution and addition of acrylonitrile then the reaction between the acrylonitrile and amine is reduced. The most reasonable explanation is that there is some complex formation between the enediol (or aldehyde) and the amine which slows the reaction of the amine with the acrylonitrile.…”

Section: Butadiene-acrylonitrile Copolymerizationmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The present authors {90) enlarged this study and indicated that ferrous sulfate and digested D-glucose could play important roles in the activation of a commercial recipe using polyamines. Such recipes have been used by others (0, 19). Under optimal conditions the activators are simple to prepare, the solution need not be handled with exclusion of oxygen, and the resulting recipe appears to be less sensitive to oxygen contamination (0, IS, 91).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Amine Activation of 5°C. Emulsion Copolymerizations

Embree¹,

Spolsky²,

Williams³

1951

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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T h e discovery that polyamines were effective reducers for the hydroperoxide initiator system of cold rubber prompted a further study in the preparation of butadienestyrene copolymers and an attempt to apply them to the preparation of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers.In the preparation of butadiene-styrene copolymers a mixture of polyamines composed of 80% diethylenetriamine and 20% tetraethylenepentamine was found best for uniform rates of conversion. The rate of conversion could be adjusted by adding ferrous iron or an iron complexing agent. Similar amines were found to be ineffective activators in the copolymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile. The reason appeared to be the cyanoethylation of the amines with loss of reducing power. This was prevented or slowed by the addition of digested D-glucose or other source of enediol to the amine solution, whereby a reducer was formed which was not destroyed by reaction with acrylonitrile. Such hydroperoxide-reducer systems are suitable for commercial use. The advantages appear to be ease of preparation of the activator, reduced sensitivity to oxygen, preparation of synthetic rubbers in the virtual absence of iron salts, and, for butadiene-styrene copolymers, preparation in the abssnce of the sugar which tends to ferment in the latex on standing.HE use of peroxy compounds and reducers as initiator sys-T tems for free radical polymerization reactions has been studied extensively for many yeam The use of amines as reducers has also received considerable study. One aspect of the work ( 8 ) is that in which a water-soluble amine is used with a water-soluble peroxy compound in emulsion polymerization, or an oil-soluble amine is used with an oil-soluble peroxy compound in bulk polymerization. Several papers have appeared describing amines as activators in redox polymerizations of butadiene and styrene of the type in which a water-soluble reducer is used in combination with an oil-soluble peroxy compound and usually with a heavy metal carrier such rm ferrous iron. (Ethylenedinitri1o)tetraacetic acid and other chelate-forming organic nitrogen compounds (19) were effective reducers (activatnrs) in the preAence of digested wglucose and ferrous sulfate. The ferrous sulfate could be reduced in quantity or eliminated entirely with practical rates of Conversion being achieved.A significant advance waa made by Whitby el al. (21) who observed that polyethylene polyamines were effective activators without digested -glucose or ferrous sulfate. The present authors (80) enlarged this study and indicated that ferrous sulfate and digested wglucose could play important roles in the activation of a commercial recipe using polyamines. Such recipes have been used by others (6, 19). Under optimal conditions the activators are simple to prepare, the solution need not be handled with exclusion of oxygen, and the resulting recipe appears to be less sensitive to oxygen contamination (6, 19, 21). The chief disadvantage appears to be extreme sensitivity to iron contamination; this effect can be...

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“…Irany and Landau (268) produced copolymers of styrene and alkyl or aryl vinyl sulfones to give a material with good heat resistance. Pepper (410) and Signer and Demagistri (498) discussed the polymerization of styrene followed by sulfonation to produce ion exchange resins. Sleightholme and Wakeford (494) describe the copolymerization of styrene with various unsaturated and aromatic petroleum extracts.…”

Section: Ethenic Polymers and Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%