Developments in microbiological risk assessment for drinking water

Gale, P.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01421.x

Cited by 47 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Discarding a kidney from an FMD-infected pig into catering waste would be one source of a pathogen 'hot spot', and bypass events during composting would be a further source of'hot spots' in the treated product. However, the assumption is appropriate for a risk assessment and furthermore represents the worst case (Gale 2001b(Gale , 2003. The doseresponse model (Eqn 1) for the exotic viruses (Fig 1) and BSE (Gale 1998) assumes that there is no threshold dose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat

Gale¹

2004

Veterinary Record

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Uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, African swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the Animal By-Products Regulations. This paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. The factors controlling the level of risk are the separation of the meat at source, the efficiency of the composting process, and the decay and dilution of the pathogens in soil. The net pathogen destruction by the composting process is determined largely by the degree of bypass, and to accommodate the possibility of large joints or even whole carcases being discarded uncooked to catering waste, a time/temperature condition of 60 degrees C for two days is recommended. Where data are lacking, worst-case assumptions have been applied. According to the model, classical swine fever virus constitutes the highest risk, but the assessment shows that a two-barrier composting approach, together with a two-month grazing ban, reduces the risk to one infection in pigs every 190 years in England and Wales. This work defined the operational conditions for the composting of catering waste as set out in the Animal By-Products Regulations 2003 (SI 1482).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat

Gale¹

2004

Veterinary Record

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“…The daily consumption of water in China is about 1.75 L per person, while that of other countries generally ranges from 0.25 to 1.1 L (Teunis et al, 1997;Gale 2001;Hoornstra and Hartog 2003;Westrell et al, 2003;Heyworth et al, 2006;Masago et al, 2006). It should be noted that drinking boiled water and eating heated food is popular in China.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

Zhang

Xiao

et al. 2012

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10 −8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10 5 persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10 5 persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10 5 persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10 −5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.

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“…However, in risk assessment studies related to drinking water, Gale (1998Gale ( , 2001) questioned the assumption of a linear dose response. In other words, he questioned the use of the negative exponential dose-response curve that is very similar to a linear low-dose extrapolation (Gale 1998).…”

Section: General Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the “Quantitative assessment of the residual BSE risk posed by di‐calcium phosphate (DCP) and tri‐calcium phosphate (TCP) from bovine bones used as an animal feed additive or as fertiliser”

2006

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Developments in microbiological risk assessment for drinking water

Cited by 47 publications

References 46 publications

Risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat

Risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the “Quantitative assessment of the residual BSE risk posed by di‐calcium phosphate (DCP) and tri‐calcium phosphate (TCP) from bovine bones used as an animal feed additive or as fertiliser”

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