“… 3 , 4 As of July 2023, for all these biomarkers, except for ERBB2 , at least one EMA-approved targeted therapy is available. 1 However, beyond predictive markers for EMA-approved therapies, drugs are available through clinical trials, off-label use, or compassionate use programs, which require additional molecular testing. There are several emerging biomarkers that affect optimal treatment decision-making due to their predictive and/or prognostic value (for some examples see Table 1 ).…”