Developments in Time-Division Multiplexing of X-ray Transition-Edge Sensors

Doriese, W. B.; Morgan, Kelsey M.; Bennett, Douglas A.; Denison, Edward V.; Fitzgerald, C. P.; Fowler, Joseph W.; Gard, Johnathon D.; Hays-Wehle, J. P.; Hilton, G. C.; Irwin, K. D.; Joe, Young Il; Mates, J. A. B.; O’Neil, Galen C.; Reintsema, C. D.; Robbins, Nicola; Schmidt, Daniel R.; Swetz, Daniel S.; Tatsuno, H.; Vale, Leila R.; Ullom, Joel N.

doi:10.1007/s10909-015-1373-z

Cited by 128 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In this work, we achieve 5.2-eV FWHM resolution, but the detector technology is still under rapid development. We have since demonstrated 2.6-eV FWHM resolution in a similar configuration [61]. Wavelength dispersive spectrometers designed for enhanced collection efficiency at the expense of spectral resolution are currently under development and may also be suitable for in-laboratory TRXES [30].…”

Section: E Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, use of a more intense x-ray probe beam will straightforwardly shorten the required counting times. More information on the sensors and analysis techniques are given by Doriese et al [61] and Fowler et al [64] APPENDIX D: EXCITATION FRACTION CALCULATIONS FROM Kα AND Kβ SPECTRA The fraction of molecules in the high-spin state in a given spectrum is determined by maximum-likelihood [65] fitting to a model function IðEÞ that describes the number of counts per unit of energy as a function of energy. The model functions are composed of a low-spin reference spectrum, a high-spin reference spectrum, and a detector FIG.…”

Section: Appendix C: Microcalorimeter Array Detector and Pulse Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrafast Time-Resolved Hard X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy on a Tabletop

et al. 2016

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Experimental tools capable of monitoring both atomic and electronic structure on ultrafast (femtosecond to picosecond) time scales are needed for investigating photophysical processes fundamental to light harvesting, photocatalysis, energy and data storage, and optical display technologies. Time-resolved hard x-ray (>3 keV) spectroscopies have proven valuable for these measurements due to their elemental specificity and sensitivity to geometric and electronic structures. Here, we present the first tabletop apparatus capable of performing time-resolved x-ray emission spectroscopy. The time resolution of the apparatus is better than 6 ps. By combining a compact laser-driven plasma source with a highly efficient array of microcalorimeter x-ray detectors, we are able to observe photoinduced spin changes in an archetypal polypyridyl iron complex ½Feð2; 2 0 -bipyridineÞ 3 2þ and accurately measure the lifetime of the quintet spin state. Our results demonstrate that ultrafast hard x-ray emission spectroscopy is no longer confined to large facilities and now can be performed in conventional laboratories with 10 times better time resolution than at synchrotrons. Our results are enabled, in part, by a 100-to 1000-fold increase in x-ray collection efficiency compared to current techniques.

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Section: E Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendix C: Microcalorimeter Array Detector and Pulse Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Time-Resolved Hard X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy on a Tabletop

et al. 2016

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“…In order to achieve large multiplexing factors, current-generation TES arrays utilize time-division multiplexing in which each pixel is sampled at finite time intervals [2]. This scheme imposes the need for pixel designs with modest response times on the order of 1 ms, limiting the TES array count rate and therefore their effectiveness for certain applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Conductance Engineering for High-Speed TES Microcalorimeters

et al. 2016

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Many current and future applications for superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters require significantly faster pulse response than is currently available. X-ray spectroscopy experiments at next-generation synchrotron light sources need to successfully capture very large fluxes of photons, while detectors at free-electron laser facilities need pulse response fast enough to match repetition rates of the source. Additionally, neutrino endpoint experiments such as HOLMES need enormous statistics, yet are extremely sensitive to pile-up effects that can distort spectra. These issues can be mitigated only by fast rising and falling edges. To address these needs, we have designed high-speed TES detectors with novel geometric enhancements to increase the thermal conductance of pixels suspended on silicon nitride membranes. This paper shows that the thermal conductivity can be precisely engineered to values spanning over an order of magnitude to achieve fast thermal relaxation times tailored to the relevant applications. Using these pixel prototypes, we demonstrate decay time constants faster than 100 μs, while still maintaining spectral resolution of 3 eV FWHM at 1.5 keV. This paper also discusses the trade-offs inherent in reducing the pixel time constant, such as increased bias current leading to degradation in energy resolution, and potential modifications to improve performance.

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“…To test the devices, we packaged the dies in brass split-block modules coupled to splineprofiled feedhorns [13], coupled to a time-division multiplexer (TDM) [14], and installed in a 100 mK adiabatic-demagnetization-refrigerator cryostat. We configured the cryostat in two ways for our two measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration of 220/280 GHz Multichroic Feedhorn-Coupled TES Polarimeter

et al. 2020

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We describe the design and measurement of feedhorn-coupled, transition-edge sensor (TES) polarimeters with two passbands centered at 220 GHz and 280 GHz, intended for observations of the cosmic microwave background. Each pixel couples polarized light in two linear polarizations by use of a planar orthomode transducer and senses power via four TES bolometers, one for each band in each linear polarization. Previous designs of this detector architecture incorporated passbands from 27 GHz to 220 GHz; we now demonstrate this technology at frequencies up to 315 GHz. Observational passbands are defined with an on-chip diplexer, and Fourier-transform-spectrometer measurements are in excellent agreement with simulations. After accounting for expected losses in our detector system, we find coupling from feedhorn to TES bolometer using a cryogenic, temperature-controlled thermal source is as expected. Relative to a detector with no losses and the designed passbands, our device is 95% (86%) efficient in the 220 (280) GHz band. Lastly, we compare two powertermination schemes commonly used in wide-bandwidth millimeter-wave polarimeters and find equal performance in terms of optical efficiency and passband shape.The cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides a powerful probe of the earliest moments of the universe. Precision measurements of CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies have played a crucial role in shaping our understanding of how the universe formed by providing rigorous constraints [1] on parameters of the standard cosmological model, Λ CDM. However, millimeter-wave observations are complicated by the presence of astrophysical foregrounds, such as synchrotron emission and galactic dust, which also radiate at

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Developments in Time-Division Multiplexing of X-ray Transition-Edge Sensors

Cited by 128 publications

References 9 publications

Ultrafast Time-Resolved Hard X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy on a Tabletop

Ultrafast Time-Resolved Hard X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy on a Tabletop

Thermal Conductance Engineering for High-Speed TES Microcalorimeters

Demonstration of 220/280 GHz Multichroic Feedhorn-Coupled TES Polarimeter

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