Device Structures of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Critical Review

Abstract

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been in huge demand because of their ease of production, low cost, flexibility, long diffusion length, lightweight, and higher performance than their counterparts. The PSCs have demonstrated remarkable progress with power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 25.7% using FAPbI3 as an active layer component. However, lower PCE and device stability restrict PSCs' commercial viability. Further, the photocurrents in PSCs are close to the maximum Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limit. The focus now is on enhancing the open‐circuit voltage and fill factor through modifying charge‐selective contacts, the morphology of perovskite material, and interface modification. The large grain size, uniformity, and coverage area distinguish the crucial factors affecting the PCE of PSCs. Long‐term device stability and degradation mechanisms have also shown significant dependence on the device structure. Therefore, the tailoring of the device structure continues to play a crucial role in the device's performance and stability. In this review, the illustration of the structural development of perovskite solar cells, including advanced interfacial layers and their associated parameters, is discussed in detail. In addition, the challenges that hinder the PSCs' performance are also discussed.

Recent trends on the application of phytochemical-based compounds as additives in the fabrication of perovskite solar cells

“…These structures can further be categorized into an n-i-p (regular) structure, where light is incident from the ETM side, or an p-i-n (inverted) structure, where light is incident from the HTM side. 24,25 The different PSC device architectures are illustrated in Fig. 2.…”

Thermally deposited copper(i) thiocyanate thin film: an efficient and sustainable approach for the hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells

“…Additionally, the HTL plays a key role in protecting the perovskite film from environmental degradation, minimizes charge recombination and acts as the blocking layer for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. 10,11 In general, hole transport materials (HTMs) can be categorized into organic and inorganic materials. Compared with organic HTMs [such as 2,2 0 ,7,7 0 -tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amine]-9,9 0 -spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), 12 (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), 13,14 poly[bis(4phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), 15 triphenylamine (TPA), spiro-OMeTAD derivatives and others], [16][17][18][19] inorganic HTMs [such as copper oxides (CuO X ), nickel oxides (NiO X ), 20 copper iodide (CuI), 21,22 copper thiocyanate (CuSCN), [23][24][25][26] and copper selenocyanate (CuSeCN) [27][28][29] ] exhibit excellent chemical stability, high hole mobility, and high optical transparency.…”

“…Additionally, the HTL plays a key role in protecting the perovskite film from environmental degradation, minimizes charge recombination and acts as the blocking layer for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. 10,11…”

Silver sulfide thin film solar cells: materials, fabrication methods, devices, and challenges

“…Appropriate device structures can reduce carrier recombination and resistive losses, thus facilitating further improvements in device performance. 43 (3) Defect control and band engineering: rational design of material interfaces or heterojunctions can enhance light absorption, improve carrier diffusion length and separation efficiency, and reduce interface energy losses. These factors may contribute to increased nonradiative recombination of carriers, negatively impacting the performance of Ag 2 S devices.…”