Devices for Environmental Observations

Abstract

This paper describes some systems, designed and built by CNR in Messina and by Viterbo Tuscia University in its Civitavecchia laboratory, that fill the gap between traditional offshore oceanography and modern operational oceanography. The evolution of the main parts of such devices is analysed together with the pros and cons of design choices, not excluding the economic point of view that, together with instrument precision and reliability, is one of the main design constraints. Technological and scientific advancements were obtained in the state of the art, offering scientists new low cost instruments to perform research both in coastal and in harsh environment areas, exploiting the progress both in elaboration and in transmission electronic devices. The systems were designed to operate from fixed and mobile platforms, like Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) or towed vehicles. To this aim, CNR Messina set up a device able to automatically release up to eight expendable probes. Ruggedized versions of systems were built to be installed on small towed vehicles in harsh environments (Arctica). Sites at the sea-ice interface where blocks fall from glaciers due to ice melting, make it too difficult and dangerous to operate by traditional ships. During the June 2017 Svalbard campaign, a new generation water sampler, able to fill eight 500 ml bottles, was tested on field and showed a good operational performance. Various measuring instruments can be connected to the data acquisition and transmission system according to the research needs. They include multiparametric probes, expendable probes launched from SOOPs, water samplers for subsequent laboratory analysis, and any kind of device having a standard interface or providing a voltage-current signal. The land-based data assimilation can integrate the acquired in-situ data with satellite observation and the output of mathematical models.

Coastal Marine Monitoring Experiments at the National Research Council in Messina, Italy: 30 Years of Research

“…The technologies summarized in this review provide new tools suitable for both environmental monitoring and operational and forecasting oceanography by scientists and stakeholders interested in the protection and management of the marine resources and ecosystem services. The systems for marine monitoring developed at CNR depict a comprehensive overview of the history and the know-how obtained as the result of more than 30 years of research into operational oceanography, highlighting their features' strengths and weaknesses [41]. Assessing the occurrence of marine pollution is of paramount importance, not only for the preservation of marine ecosystems and mitigation of detrimental effects on them, but also for several aspects related to the health, economy and security of the environment in its totality.…”