Dexamethasone release pattern via a three-dimensional system for effective bone regeneration

Abstract

Dexamethasone (DEX) has been used for bone regenerative and anti-inflammatory purposes for over a decade. It has also shown promise for inducing bone regeneration by using it as a component of osteoinductive differentiation medium, particularly for in vitro culture models. Despite its osteoinductive properties, its use is limited due to its associated cytotoxicity, mainly when used at higher concentrations. DEX has adverse effects when taken orally; thus, it's best to use it in a targeted manner. Even when given locally, the pharmaceutical should be distributed in a controlled manner based on the needs of the wounded tissue. However, because drug activity is assessed in two-dimensional (2D) circumstances and the target tissue is a three-dimensional (3D) structure, assessing DEX activity and dosage in a 3D milieu is critical for bone tissue development. The current review examines the advantages of a 3D approach over traditional 2D culture methods and delivery devices for controlled DEX delivery, particularly for bone repair. Further, this review explores the latest advancement and challenges in biomaterial-based therapeutic delivery approaches for bone regeneration. This review also discusses possible future biomaterial-based strategies to study efficient DEX delivery.

Tolerant and Rapid Endochondral Bone Regeneration Using Framework‐Enhanced 3D Biomineralized Matrix Hydrogels

“…As known, traditional 2D culture relies on cells seeding onto the polymer‐based scaffolds, [ 32,33 ] whereas the current 3D culture depends on cells encapsulating into the hydrogel‐based scaffolds. [ 34–36 ] Unlike the oxygen‐rich and well‐nutritional system of 2D culture, cells in the high‐density 3D hydrogel‐based matrix are highly restricted that is considered as a hypoxic microenvironment hindering oxygen exchange and vascular infiltration.…”