Dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism: Pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and new insights into the pathogenesis

Abstract

A profile of dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism (DSH), a variant of primary aldosteronism, is drawn by reviewing its pathophysiological and clinical aspects. Genetic studies show no HLA linkage and point to an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, suggesting that the prevalence of this disease has been underestimated in the past. Hypertension, hypokalemia, suppressed renin, and high aldosterone values characterize DSH in the basal state, similar to the other forms of primary aldosteronism, i.e., aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) or bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (IAH). Biochemically DSH and APA can be differentiated from IAH since in both aldosterone does not respond to upright posture, to angiotensin II infusion, and to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) captopril. In contrast, morphologically DSH is similar to IAH, since neither macroscopic nor histologic examinations of the adrenals give evidence of any unilateral abnormality. However, DSH is differentiated from APA and IAH by the hyperresponsiveness of aldosterone to acute ACTH administration as well as by the failure of aldosterone to escape from prolonged ACTH stimulation. The final diagnosis of DSH rests upon the prompt reversal of the features of mineralocorticoid excess by glucocorticoid therapy. In some cases hypertension is unresponsive to dexamethasone and needs alternative treatment. The main pathogenetic hypotheses point to a pituitary and/or an adrenal abnormality, but the intrinsic nature of the disease remains to be elucidated.

Twin genes and endocrine disease: CYP21 and CYP11B genes

“…The syndrome is characterized by hyperaldosteronism causing salt retention and hyper¬ tension. As found empirically, it can be treated paradoxi¬ cally by glucocorticoid administration (63,64). An additional typical feature is the occurrence of high levels of the abnormal steroid metabolites 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol (65).…”

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

“…In normal patients and in patients with APA-RA, IHA and some with FH type II, the infusion of angiotensin-II increases aldosterone secretion. In patients with renin-insensitive APA, MNH and most of FH aldosterone remains unchanged (Brown et al, 1979;Fraser et al, 1981;Vallotton, 1996a;Vallotton, 1996b;Fallo et al, 1987;Biglieri and Schambelan, 1979).…”