Dextran-Based Nanoparticles for Encapsulation of Ciprofloxacin

Abstract

Key success for regenerative endodontics is an effective removal of bacteria inside the root canal during the treatment. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is one of the triple antibiotics commonly used as the root canal medicament. However, the rapid clearance of antibiotics causes bacterial reinfection. Nanoparticles (NPs) provide an alternative approach for antibiotics delivery system to improve the drug stability and release control. In the previous study, modified dextran was successfully formed the ester linkage with vinyl decanoate via lipase-catalyzed transesterification. The amphiphilic dextran, dextran-decanoate (Dex-D), has been synthesized with the degree of substitution of 83-88% and were applied for CIP-loaded nanoparticles. The suitable technique for producing antibiotic carriers considering by size, shape, and drug encapsulation efficiency was investigated in this work. The preparation methods were compared between nanoprecipitation and solid-in-oil-in-water (s/o/w) ion pairing technique. We found that the obtained Dex-D nanoparticles had stable monodispersed with spherical shape in both techniques. However, Dex-D nanoparticles formed by s/o/w ion pairing technique provided smaller size with better encapsulation efficiency. The antimicrobial activity of CIP-loaded Dex-D nanoparticles against oral pathogens showed satisfactory outcome with the MIC equal to 0.7 μg/mL. Also, the compatibility of nanoparticles and dental stem cells was observed in this work.

Overview of nanotherapeutics for bacterial infections

“…However, the main drawback of dextran is that larger molecular weights of 60 kDa are poorly excreted from the kidney and remain in the blood before being completely metabolised, so its clinical use should be restricted under this cut-off value [41]. In another example, amphiphilic dextran-decanoate NPs loaded with ciprofloxacin presented antibacterial activity against the oral bacteria Enterococcus faecalis at a MIC of 0.7 𝜇g/mL, showing potential for the treatment and prevention of root canal infections [71]. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are natural polyesters produced through enzyme hydrolysis by certain types of bacteria and other organisms as means of energy and carbon source during periods of detrimental conditions, such as lack of macro elements, trace elements, or oxygen, for their thriving [72,73].…”