Dextromethorphan abuse

Hapangama, A.; Kuruppuarachchi, K. A. L. A.

doi:10.4038/cmj.v53i3.256

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Their misuse potential may be particularly significant in adolescents and young adults (10,12,113). OTC recreational intake appeared to be associated with high/very high dosages (17,27,30,31,35,36,40,42 (27,36,63,90,93), illegal online pharmacies/shops (36,42,70,77), and theft/burglary from hospitals, residences, and pharmacies (27,105,110). DXM pills named "Snurf " were also reported to have been acquired online and in having been marketed as a legal high (70).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interactions with other substances can often produce synergistic effects; in fact, OTC cough formulations frequently contain, in addition to DXM, other pharmaceutical agents such as chlorpheniramine, acetaminophen, or pseudoephedrine, exhibiting different effects. Indeed, individuals abusing with chlorpheniramine-containing DXM formulations may also exhibit anticholinergic signs and symptoms (25,31,42,47,49,73,74,123). Conversely, the antipyretic and analgesic acetaminophen produces delayed hepatic injury (29,62).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, it was recorded in two retrospective studies (24,25), in 10 case series (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), and in several case reports (24,25,. Most represented users were male adolescent and young adults; DXM was mostly used alone (28,36,37,40,44,45,54,57,66) or in DXM-containing cough mixtures (26,29,30,39,41,42,47,50,52,53,62,64,68,71,72,74,76). Concomitant drugs included both licit and illicit substances, such as alcohol (25,30,31,35,52,53,55,60,71,76); cannabis...…”

Section: Dextrometorphanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only route of administration (ROA) here recorded was the oral one. Autonomic (e.g., mydriasis, tachycardia, palpitations) (30,33,35,42,44,46,47,51,67,70,71), gastrointestinal (32, 35,42,47), neurological [e.g., amnesia, nystagmus, ataxia, seizures, and dystonia; (24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 39, 43-46, 49, 51-53, 56, 59, 67)], and psychiatric symptoms, such as euphoria, agitation/irritability, confusion, hallucinations, and delusions, have been recorded (24, 25, 27-31, 33-38, 40-50, 52-54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 70-74, 76). DXM misusers' psychiatric history frequently included alcohol and substance use disorders (SUD) (25-27, 29, 31, 32, 34-37, 40, 43, 45-48, 50, 53, 55-62, 64-67, 69, 76), mood disorders (29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 46, 56-65, 67, 68, 71), and schizophrenia (37,53,69).…”

Section: Dextrometorphanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Focus on Over-the-Counter Drugs' Misuse: A Systematic Review on Antihistamines, Cough Medicines, and Decongestants

et al. 2021

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Background: Over the past 20 years or so, the drug misuse scenario has seen the emergence of both prescription-only and over-the-counter (OTC) medications being reported as ingested for recreational purposes. OTC drugs such as antihistamines, cough/cold medications, and decongestants are reportedly the most popular in being diverted and misused.Objective: While the current related knowledge is limited, the aim here was to examine the published clinical data on OTC misuse, focusing on antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine, and dimenhydrinate), dextromethorphan (DXM)- and codeine-based cough medicines, and the nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine.Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out with the help of Scopus, Web of Science databases, and the related gray literature. For data gathering purposes, both the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and PROSPERO guidelines were followed (PROSPERO identification code CRD42020209261).Results: After completion of the selection, eligibility, and screening phases, some 92 articles were here taken into consideration; case reports, surveys, and retrospective case series analyses were included. Findings were organized according to the specific OTC recorded. Most articles focused here on DXM (n = 54) and diphenhydramine (n = 12). When specified, dosages, route(s) of administration, toxicity symptoms (including both physical and psychiatric ones), and outcomes were here reported.Conclusion: Results from the systematic review showed that the OTC misusing issues are both widespread worldwide and popular; vulnerable categories include adolescents and young adults, although real prevalence figures remain unknown, due to a lack of appropriate monitoring systems. Considering the potential, and at times serious, adverse effects associated with OTC misusing issues, healthcare professionals should be vigilant, and ad hoc preventative actions should be designed and implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dextrometorphanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dextrometorphanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Focus on Over-the-Counter Drugs' Misuse: A Systematic Review on Antihistamines, Cough Medicines, and Decongestants

et al. 2021

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“…Dystonia,25 anaphylactic reaction,26 and bullous mastocytosis27 have been seen with dextromethorphan, and this drug has also been abused28,29 by young adolescents. Therapeutic doses of diphenhydramine have been associated with sleepiness, and also nervousness, restlessness, insomnia, acute dystonia, impaired driving ability, and increased risk of serious injury with standard doses.…”

Section: Cloperastine For Children With Chronic Coughmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological and clinical overview of cloperastine in treatment of cough

Catania¹,

Cuzzocrea²

2011

TCRM

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Abstract:Cough constitutes an impressive expression of the normal defense mechanisms of the respiratory system. Productive cough associated with catarrh is an important protective system for the lung because it favors the upward movement of secretions and foreign bodies to the larynx and mouth. Cough may also appear without bronchial secretions, as dry cough, which may be persistent when inflammatory disease is chronic or when, in the early stages of respiratory disease, bronchial secretions are not yet fluid. Sometimes bronchitis-induced cough does not significantly affect quality of life, whilst in other cases cough may become so intense as to impair daily activities severely, resulting in permanent disability. This type of cough is one of the most frequent reasons for seeking medical advice. The use of cough suppressants may be appropriate for reaching a precise diagnosis and when dry cough is persistent. Cloperastine has been investigated in various types of cough and, unlike codeine, has been shown to possess dual activity. It also acts as a mild bronchorelaxant and has antihistaminic activity, without acting on the central nervous system or the respiratory center. Here we review the preclinical and clinical evidence of the efficacy and tolerability of cloperastine.

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