Several proteins and peptides are known to form cytotoxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils-mainly consisting of intermolecular cross-b-sheets-upon misfolding and self-association.[1] As these amyloid aggregates deposit in tissues, they are associated with cell degenerative diseases, such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or Alzheimer's disease (AD).[1]The present study is focused on the membrane-mediated aggregation of heteroassemblies of the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and the b-amyloid (Ab) peptide. The extracellular deposits in the pancreas of patients with T2DM are mainly composed of the 37-residue IAPP, which is produced, stored, and secreted together with insulin by bcells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. [2,3] The major component of the extracellular plaques in AD brains is Ab, a 40-or 42-residue fragment of the membrane-associated amyloid precursor protein. [4,5] Recent clinical studies have pointed to a correlation between T2DM and AD, that is, patients with T2DM have a higher risk to suffer from AD and vice versa.[6] Remarkably, the sequences of IAPP and Ab show a 25 % identity and 50 % similarity and it has been shown that fibrillation of IAPP can be cross-seeded by Ab fibrils (Figure 1). [7] Most importantly, recent studies in vitro in the bulk phase have shown that early nonfibrillar and nontoxic Ab and IAPP species bind each other with high affinity forming soluble, nonfibrillar, and nontoxic heterooligomers and that this interaction delays the cytotoxic selfassociation and amyloidogenesis of both Ab and IAPP. [8] In this context, it has also been shown that the IAPP analogue [(N-Me)G24, (N-Me)I26]-IAPP or IAPP-GI, a mimic of nonamyloidogenic IAPP, forms nonfibrillar and nontoxic heteroassemblies with Ab and thus blocks the cytotoxic oligomer and fibril formation by Ab. [8,[12][13][14] As Ab and IAPP are present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid at similar concentrations, an in vivo interaction might be possible, which could be a molecular link between AD and T2DM. [9][10][11] Several studies have shown that lipid-peptide interactions can play a crucial role in amyloid formation of both IAPP and Ab, [1,3,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and the enhancement of fibrillation in the presence of membranes is believed to be causatively linked to the cellular damage caused by Ab or IAPP assemblies. [25,26,28] Here, the interaction of IAPP and Ab with a complex heterogeneous (raft-like) model biomembrane system comprising 15 % DOPC, 10 % DOPG, 40 % DPPC, 10 % DPPG, and 25 % cholesterol has been studied. This lipid system allows for addressing effects of lateral heterogeneity (i.e., coexisting liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered domains) as well as charge effects upon peptide-membrane interactions. Both effects have been shown to be important for the membrane interaction of these peptides. [16,18,20,27,28] Furthermore, the cross-interaction of IAPP and Ab in the presence of this membrane system was analyzed.To gain a detailed picture of the membrane-mediated aggregation proc...