Diabesity Increases Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Background: Inflammation and oxidative stress are two pathophysiological mechanisms that link obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabesity. However how levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers differ between patients with obesity, T2DM and diabesity has not been completely elucidated.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the interactions between emerging biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and the differences in biomarker levels between T2DM, obesity and diabesity in a clinical setting. Methods:A total of 270 patients attending a diabetes health screening clinic (57 T2DM; 37 obese; 44 diabesity, and 132 age, gender, and weight-matched controls) participated in the study. All patients were selected on clinical grounds. Differences in the level of biomarkers of oxidative stress (erythrocyte GSH/GSSG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) and urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α ), inflammation (CRP, IL-6, IL-10 and IL1β), and coagulation (C5a, D-dimer) were determined.Results: Both inflammatory markers and oxidative stress differed significantly between the three clinical groups. GSH revealed a significant difference between the T2DM (1456.6 µM/mL ± 737.5, p<0.03) and obese groups (1890.7 µM/mL ± 823.3). 8-OHdG increased significantly in the obese group (185.5ng/mL ± 162.4, p<0.03) compared to the control group (146.8ng/mL ± 127.5). Similarly 8-OHdG was significantly higher in the obesity group (185.5ng/mL ± 162.4) compared to the T2DM group (119.2ng/mL ± 92.9, p<0.03). A significant increase was also found for 8-iso-PGF 2α in the diabesity group (2.3 ± 15.0 ng/mL) compared to the control group (1.0 ± 1.9 ng/mL, p<0.03) and the T2DM group (1.1±2.5ng/mL, p<0.05). 8-iso-PGF 2α in the diabesity group (2.3±15.0 ng/mL) was significantly higher than the obese group (1.1ng/mL ±1.8, p<0.03). A significant decrease occurred in IGF-1 levels for diabesity (144.6 ± 285.7 ng/mL) compared to the control (302.8 ± 547.2 ng/mL, p <0.03) and the T2DM groups (225.1ng/mL ± 417, p<0.05). A statistically significant increase in the inflammatory marker ratio IL-6/IL-10 between the control group (0.41 ± 0.7) and the obesity group (0.71 ± 1.94, p<0.03) was also observed. Conclusion:The results obtained indicate that 8-iso-PGF 2α , 8-OHdG as markers of oxidative stress and IGF-1, IL-6/IL-10 are associated with diabesity and could be used diagnostically for risk assessment.markers in obesity [10,11]. The link between inflammatory and oxidative stress markers observed in obesity is also a contributory factor in the development of T2DM and CVD [8,12].The inflammatory process in obesity includes the activation of macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [13][14][15]. These proinflammatory cytokines lead to increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) with a demonstrable decrease in the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-1β, IL-6, CRP and IL-10 are linked to abnormal fat and glucose metabolism, which provides further evidence of ...

Terminalia catappa Extract Palliates Redox Imbalance and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats by Upregulating Nrf-2 Gene

“…Dysfunction in glucose metabolism and chronic hyperglycaemia utilise oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related complications [ 17 ]. Hyperglycaemia stimulates intra- and extracellular free radical generation inducing oxidative stress, concomitantly stimulating the generation of proinflammatory mediators [ 18 ]. It leads to the formation of toll-like receptors and inflammasome-complexes, which are key inducers for inflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κ B) activation and oxidative stress progression [ 19 ].…”