Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: inter-relation of risk factors and treatment

Abstract

Background The diabetes mellitus prevalence is still advancing and increasingly becoming one of the globally most severe and expensive chronic illnesses. The strong correlation between diabetes as well as the most prominent reason for diabetes and death in diabetic patients is cardiovascular disorders. Health conditions like dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and other factors of risk like the risk of cardiovascular are frequent in diabetic persons and raise the likelihood of heart attacks. Main text In particular, several researchers have found diabetes mellitus-related biochemical pathways that raise the likelihood of cardiovascular disorder in people with diabetes individually. This review describes diabetes-cardiovascular disorder relationships, explores potential therapeutic mechanisms, addresses existing treatment, care, and describes the directions for the future for study. Conclusion Thus, in individuals with diabetes, it is important to concentrate on cardiovascular threat variables to reduce the illness’s lasting cardiovascular complications. Further work to enhance knowledge of the disease state and its impact on cardiovascular function is required to boost medical treatment and cardiovascular disorders result in people with diabetes.

Overview of the Composition of Whole Grains’ Phenolic Acids and Dietary Fibre and Their Effect on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases

“…CVDs are connected to T2D and obesity because of the correlation of inflammation (low grade), as demonstrated in Figure 2 . The over-expression of cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin monocyte chemo attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), angiotensin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) fibrinogen, causes inflammation and lipid accumulation, which has a disastrous effect on blood vessels and can eventually cause endothelial dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction [ 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ]. The over-expression of these cytokines is linked to the connection between insulin resistance and T2D.…”

“…According to the authors, there will be a 69% increase in the number of adults with T2D in developing countries and a 20% increase in developed countries between 2010 and 2030. Wholegrain cereals’ consumption is related to a lower incidence of T2D [ 6 , 73 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 88 , 131 ]. In long-term studies of almost 90,000 women [ 142 ] and nearly 45,000 men [ 143 ], it has been documented that the intake of whole grains can lower the risk of developing T2D, when combined data from both studies show an approximately 30% lower risk of developing T2D found in those who used more whole-grain dietary fibres compared to others.…”

Patterns and associated factors of electrocardiographic abnormality among type 2 diabetic patients in Amhara National Regional State Referral Hospitals, Ethiopia: a multicenter institution-based cross-sectional study

“…The other reason might be due to DM-induced high blood pressure increases the force of blood through arteries and can damage artery walls. Moreover, too much cholesterol and triglyceride can form plaque resulting in the hardening of arterial walls [ 40 ] which can finally lead to ECG changes.…”

Polymer-Based Delivery of Peptide Drugs to Treat Diabetes: Normalizing Hyperglycemia and Preventing Diabetic Complications

“…Treatment of CVD usually includes lifestyle changes, medications, and procedures to help open blood vessels. Currently, a large number of medications are available to ameliorate the risks factors of CVD, such as diabetes, hypertension, coagulation, and dyslipidemia [77,78]. Clinical studies, including the CVD-REAL Nordic trial, demonstrated that glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLP2) inhibitors decreases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [79][80][81].…”