Diabetes and Hypertension

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension constitute two powerful independent risk factors for cardiovascular, renal and atherosclerotic disease. The frequent occurrence of the two diseases in the same individual doubles the risk of cardiovascular death, as well as substantially increasing the frequency of transient ischemic attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular disease with lower extremity amputations, as well as end-stage renal disease and blindness. Although hypertension usually occurs in IDDM in association with renal disease, in NIDDM the evolution of hypertension appears to be multifactorial and independent of renal disease. Obesity appears to be dissociable from hypertension and NIDDM with a common link between obesity, hypertension and NIDDM appearing to be hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance. It has been suggested that hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance may lead to hypertension through altered intracellular calcium metabolism, enhanced renal sodium reabsorption, or through an effect of insulin upon lipid and/or catecholamine metabolism. Further, insulin itself may have a direct effect upon the atherosclerotic process in the hypertensive diabetic patient. These considerations have been taken into account in the structuring of antihypertensive therapy in Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Socioeconomic Variables Enhancing Prevalence of Diabetes Disability in Bangladeshi Adults of High Normal and Hypertensive Blood Pressure

“…Again, diabetes and hypertension are two associated non-communicable diseases. This was reported in separate studies [35][36][37][38][39].…”

“…Overweight, obesity, diabetes, hypertension is interrelated non-communicable diseases and are responsible for other non-communicable diseases [11,17,19,20,42,48,[50][51][52][53][54][55]. Diabetes and its related non-communicable diseases were well documented in home and abroad [35][36][37][38]55,56]. Suffering from diabetes for longer duration creates many types of complications in health, especially physical disability.…”

Effect of hypertension on the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy

“…The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related death is 2-3 fold greater in patients with both hypertension and diabetes than subjects with either isolated hypertension (at all levels of elevated systolic blood pressure) or diabetes (Fuller et al, 1983;Stamler et al, 1993). All of the CVD subclasses, which includes coronary heart disease (CHD) (angina, CAD, MI, CHF, sudden death), cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and peripheral vascular disease, contribute to the increase risk of CVD morbidity and mortality in diabetic hypertensive patients (Christlieb, 1982;Assmann and Schulte, 1988;Mahler, 1990;HDSG 3 , 1993;Hoy et al, 1995;Rossing et al, 1996). Microvascular complications such as end-stage renal disease and retinopathy are also accelerated and more frequently observed when diabetic patients are hypertensive (Knowler et al, 1980;Krolewski et al, 1988).…”

Transition Specific Risk Factors Affecting the Lifestyle Disease Progression from Diabetes to Hypertension in India

“…Hyperinsulinsm and insulin resistance may lead to hypertension through altered intracellular calcium metabolism, which will enhance renal sodium reabsorption or through an effect of insulin upon lipid and catecholamine metabolism [38]. Like the other study, the study does not simply consider the cases of diabetes and hypertension reported by the respondents.…”