Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure

Abstract

The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) is frequent and is associated with a higher risk of hospitalization for HF and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. It has been estimated that millions of people are affected by HF and DM, and the prevalence of both conditions has increased over time. Concomitant HF and diabetes confer a worse prognosis than each alone; therefore, managing DM care is critical for preventing HF. This article reviews the prevalence of HF and diabetes and the correlated prognosis as well as provides a basic understanding of diabetic cardiomyopathy, including its pathophysiology, focusing on the relationship between DM and HF with a preserved ejection fraction and summarizes the potential aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists approaches for managing heart failure and DM. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) are an emerging class of glucose-lowering drugs, and the role of SGLT2Is in DM patients with HF was reviewed to establish updated and comprehensive concepts for improving optimal medical care in clinical practice.

Development and validation of a prediction model based on machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of heart failure in middle‐aged and older US people with prediabetes or diabetes

“…9 It is crucial to successfully prevent and treat two concurrent diseases because patients' prognoses are also poorer when they have two diseases. 10 Prediabetes, which includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), is the metabolic condition in between diabetes and normoglycemia. 11,12 According to the American Diabetes Association, the current definition of prediabetes in the United States includes fasting blood glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL, postload plasma glucose of 140 to 199 mg/dl, or HbA1c of 5.7% to 6.4%.…”

“…It significantly contributes to the development of HF by directly impairing cardiac function and indirectly doing so through diseases including hypertension, heart disease, renal insufficiency, obesity, and other metabolic conditions 9 . It is crucial to successfully prevent and treat two concurrent diseases because patients' prognoses are also poorer when they have two diseases 10 …”

“… 9 It is crucial to successfully prevent and treat two concurrent diseases because patients' prognoses are also poorer when they have two diseases. 10 …”