Diabetes Mellitus in Egypt: Risk Factors and Prevalence

Herman, William H.; Ali, Mazlan; Aubert, Ronald E.; Engelgau, Michael M.; Kenny, Susan J; Gunter, Elaine W.; Malarcher, Ann; Brechner, Ross J.; Wetterhall, Scott; DeStefano, Frank; Thompson, Theodore R.; Smith, Phillip H.; Badran, Amira; Sous, E.S.; Habib, M.; Hegazy, Maha A.; Shakour, S. abd el; Ibrahim, A. S.; Behairy, Amany

doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00432.x

Cited by 134 publications

(124 citation statements)

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“…Diabetes (either diagnosed or undiagnosed) affects 18% of subjects aged 20 -75 years and 36% of men and 54% of women over the age of 60 years. These rates are considerably higher than those reported for the white, AfricanAmerican, and Hispanic populations in the U.S. and for rural Arab populations (2,8). They are, however, consistent with rates reported in urban Arab populations (2,9 -15).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

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Epidemiology of Diabetes Among Arab Americans

et al. 2003

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OBJECTIVE -To examine the prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance by age and sex in the Arab-American community of Dearborn, Michigan.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Participants were randomly selected adult Arab Americans, 20 -75 years of age, from randomly selected households in Dearborn, Michigan. Demographic and anthropometric data were recorded. Glucose tolerance was assessed with 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests and classified according to 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1998 World Health Organization criteria.RESULTS -A total of 626 eligible adults were selected, and 542 participated (87% response rate). Because prevalence increases with age and the overall response rate for women (328/352; 93%) was higher than that for men (214/274; 78%), prevalence rates were adjusted for age and sex. The overall prevalence of diabetes was 15.5% (95% CI 12.2-18.7%) in women and 20.1% (15.0 -25.2%) in men (P ϭ 0.13). The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was similar to that of undiagnosed diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were present in 16. 8% (12.8 -20.8%) of women and 29.7% (23.4 -35.9%) of men (P ϭ 0.0007). The combined rates of glucose intolerance (diabetes, IGT, and IFG) were 32.3% (27.8 -36.7%) for women and 49.8% (43.1-56.4%) for men (P Ͻ 0.0001). Among younger adults, the prevalence in men was higher than that in women. As expected, subjects with diabetes or IGT/IFG were older and had greater BMI and waist-to-hip ratios than subjects with normal glucose tolerance.CONCLUSIONS -The prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance is extremely high among adult Arab Americans in Michigan and represents a major clinical and public health problem. Community-based intervention programs to prevent and treat diabetes are urgently needed. Diabetes Care 26:308 -313, 2003A rab immigration to the U.S. began in the 1890s but increased in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a result of political instability in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Currently, ϳ2-3 million Arab Americans live in the U.S.Michigan is home to the largest Arab concentration outside the Middle East, and the Arab-American population represents the third largest minority group in Michigan. Approximately 250,000 -300,000 Arab Americans live in the Detroit Metropolitan Area-one-third of them in southwestern Wayne County. This community is young, with a median age of 27 years; is primarily composed of immigrants from rural communities; and is ethnically heterogeneous, with Lebanese Americans representing the largest group. The Arab-American community is characterized by a relatively recent transition to a western lifestyle. Availability and accessibility of heath care are major concerns and linguistic, cultural, social, and financial barriers contribute to the problem.High rates of type 2 diabetes have been observed in Arab populations in the Middle East in areas undergoing rapid economic development (1,2). There are no published representative populationbased studies describing the prevalen...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…High rates of type 2 diabetes have been observed in Arab populations in the Middle East in areas undergoing rapid economic development (1,2). There are no published representative populationbased studies describing the prevalence of diabetes in the Arab-American population.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Diabetes Among Arab Americans

et al. 2003

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“…Furthermore, it is socially acceptable to be overweight in this population, at least among women. The prevalence of diabetes is also very high in many countries in the Middle East (al-Nuaim et al, 1996a;Alwan & King, 1992;Herman et al, 1995), and indeed it was very high in our study population (Husseini et al, 2000). It may be speculated that a common mechanism is responsible for the high prevalence of both obesity and type 2 diabetes, and the foetal origins hypothesis offers a possible explanation (Barker, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Obesity and associated factors in a Palestinian West Bank village population

et al. 2001

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Objective: To describe body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-hip ratio in a Palestinian West Bank village population, and to assess the associations of these variables to blood pressure and serum lipids. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Community-based study in a prototypic semi-rural Palestinian village in the central West Bank. Subjects: All individuals aged 30 -65 y in the study village were invited for the study and 500 (85%) participated. Main outcome measures: BMI30 was used as the measure of obesity. Results: The prevalence of obesity was 37.5% among women and 18.8% among men. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 62.5% among women and 14.8% among men. BMI seemed to be the more important correlate of blood pressure whereas waist -hip ratio seemed to be the more important correlate of serum triglycerides, compared to the other obesity measures. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity in the study population was very high compared to most other countries in the world, particularly among women.

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“…11,27 To our knowledge, no such information existed in the adult Palestinian West Bank population before those surveys. An understanding of the modifiable determinants of obesity is important for the design of effective preventive public health strategies to combat the rise in noncommunicable diseases associated with this condition, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank population

et al. 2003

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and 4 Oslo, Norway OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of obesity, household food consumption patterns, physical activity patterns and smoking between a rural and an urban community in the Palestinian West Bank and to describe the associations of the latter factors with body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional survey in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank community. SUBJECTS: A total of 549 women and 387 men aged 30 -65 y, excluding pregnant women. MEASUREMENTS: Obesity was defined as BMI ! 30 kg=m 2 . RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was 36.8 and 18.1% in rural women and men, respectively, compared with 49.1 and 30.6% in urban women and men, respectively. The mean difference (s.e) in BMI levels was 1.6 (0.52) kg=m 2 between urban and rural women and 0.9 (0.46) kg=m 2 in men. At the household level, the mean energy consumption from 25 selected food items was 13.8 MJ (3310 kcal)=consumption unit=day in the rural community compared to 14.5 MJ (3474 kcal)=consumption unit=day in the urban community (P ¼ 0.021). BMI was positively associated with age in both men and women and with urban residence in women. BMI was negatively associated with smoking and physical activity in men and with educational level in women. CONCLUSION: BMI was associated with urban residence in women after adjusting for age, smoking, education, physical activity and nutrition-related variables, suggesting that the differences in the conventional determinants of obesity could not fully explain the difference in the prevalence of obesity between the two communities. Among men, the measured determinants explained the rural -urban differences in BMI.

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Diabetes Mellitus in Egypt: Risk Factors and Prevalence

Cited by 134 publications

References 4 publications

Epidemiology of Diabetes Among Arab Americans

Epidemiology of Diabetes Among Arab Americans

Obesity and associated factors in a Palestinian West Bank village population

Obesity in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank population

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