Diabetes retinopathy is a poor predictor for renal and cardiovascular outcomes in comparison with hypertensive retinopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease

Diabetic retinopathy is a prognostic factor for progression of chronic kidney disease in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Another study evaluated the effect of retinopathy upon renal outcome in elderly group and showed that retinopathy even affects faster renal function decline in non-DM subjects [8]. There was also the study evaluating the effect of DR upon renal outcome compared to the non-diabetic hypertensive retinopathy [11]. However, there was no study to evaluate the renal outcome according to DR severity.…”

Weight change and microvascular outcomes in patients with new-onset diabetes: a nationwide cohort study

“…Discriminating between obesity and weight gain, the current results demonstrated that weight gain after new-onset diabetes could be a strong and novel independent risk factor of DR. A possible mechanism for this is that weight change influences glycaemic control, in turn affecting clinical outcomes and presumably related to hemodynamic and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent mechanisms, because improved hyperglycaemia by weight loss may downregulate VEGF expression in retinal cells. Also, other various metabolites derived by unstable weight change may facilitate the aggravation of DR, which needs further investigation [ 7 , 8 , 36 – 38 ].…”

“…Mounting evidence has demonstrated that the diabetic milieu leads to increased local expression of inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, and involves various expression changes in several inflammatory mediators in the development of DN and DR [2,[4][5][6]. Because the retinal artery shares a common anatomical structure, risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms for organ dysfunction with those of arteries in the kidney, it is not surprising that diabetes-related exposure to inflammatory cascades is a common pathogenic mechanism [7][8][9][10].…”

Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Distinct Features of Pathogenesis and Clinical Implication

“…CKD patients already have a number of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerotic arterial lesions are more prevalent in CKD patients. 86) 87) 88) In addition, the progressive decline of renal function leads to the further progression of atherosclerosis. 89) 90) Consequently, the burden of atherosclerosis is considerably increased in CKD patients, and excess calcium and phosphate precipitates facilitate the process of intimal calcification and a higher frequency of intimal calcification.…”