Diabetes, sleep apnea, obesity and cardiovascular disease: Why not address them together?

Abstract

Obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are some of the most common diseases encountered by the worldwide population, with high social and economic burdens. Significant emphasis has been placed on obtaining blood pressure, body mass index, and placing importance on screening for signs and symptoms pointing towards cardiovascular disease. Symptoms related to sleep, or screening for sleep apnea has been overlooked by cardiac, diabetic, pulmonary and general medicine clinics despite recommendations for screening by several societies. In recent years, there is mounting data where obesity and obstructive sleep apnea sit at the epicenter and its control can lead to improvement and prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular complications. This editorial raises questions as to why obstructive sleep apnea screening should be included as yet another vital sign during patient initial inpatient or outpatient visit.

Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169+ and TCR+ Macrophages

“…Obesity has been implicated as the major risk factor in developing diverse diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 69 ). Below, we discuss diverse evidence showing that obesity has a pro-inflammatory background.…”

Retinal Sensitivity Is Reduced in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea

“…Obstructive sleep apnea has a reported prevalence of more than 20% in the general population 1,2 and is associated with cardiovascular, neurologic, and endocrine disease. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation are the main intermediary mechanisms associated with sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia. 11 Retinal ganglion cells provide a peripheral but accessible window to central nervous system neurons that could be subject to neuronal damage in association with OSA.…”

Sleep apnea in the elderly

“…SAS sufferers often have complications with the so-called lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and are in need of losing weight [28,29]. SAS sufferers often have complications with the so-called lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and are in need of losing weight [28,29].…”