Diabetic complications and prospective immunotherapy

Abstract

The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is increasing globally. Individuals who have been burdened with diabetes for many years often develop complications as a result of hyperglycemia. More and more research is being conducted highlighting inflammation as an important factor in disease progression. In all kinds of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to activation of alternative glucose metabolic pathways, resulting in problematic by-products including reactive oxygen species and advanced glycation end products. This review takes a look into the pathogenesis of three specific diabetic complications; retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as well as their current treatment options. By considering recent research papers investigating the effects of immunotherapy on relevant conditions in animal models, multiple strategies are suggested for future treatment and prevention of diabetic complications with an emphasis on molecular targets associated with the inflammation.

The effect of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and glycated haemoglobin on the management of diabetic neovascular glaucoma

“…In addition to controlling inflammation to reduce the risk of DR progression and decrease the need for repeated laser treatments for NVG, more intensive glucose control is recommended. After the stabilization of DM, we also suggested the possibility of using immunotherapy methods in patients with NVG and complications of DM: retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, which can improve their quality of life and correlate with the recommendations of other authors [ 30 ].…”

Recent progress in the development of ursolic acid derivatives as anti‐diabetes and anti‐cardiovascular agents

“…Diabetes has become a global epidemic because of the aging population and the increasing number of obese people. Diabetes can cause many complications such as immune system damage, retinopathy, nephropathy, somatic and autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic foot (Reynolds et al, 2023). Most people with diabetes do not die from diabetes itself, but from complications caused by diabetes (Kaul et al, 2012).…”

Causal relationship between type 2 diabetes and common respiratory system diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

“…Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease that had a global prevalence of 9.3% in 2019, which is projected to increase to 10.9% by 2045 ( 3 ). Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to a range of serious complications, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy ( 4 ). These complications substantially increase the disease burden and the risk of premature death in patients, placing a tremendous economic strain on healthcare systems ( 5 ).…”