Diabetic foot ulcer—A review on pathophysiology, classification and microbial etiology

Noor, Saba; Zubair, Mohammad; Ahmad, Jamal

doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2015.04.007

Cited by 305 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Around 60% of infected foot ulcers are headed by loss of lower limb, and becomes one of the most awful outcomes in diabetic foot patients. [15] …”

Section: Diabetic Foot Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are various other factors accounting for origination of neuropathy, like pre-diabetes neuropathy, abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism, activation of protein kinase-C pathway, formation of advanced glycated end products, myoinisitol, polyol pathway, production of nerve growth factor and production of antibodies to neural tissues. [15] Peripheral neuropathy may predispose the foot to ulceration through its effects on the sensory, motor and autonomic nerves.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Foot Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atherosclerotic blockage of large and mediumsized arteries, such as femoropopliteal and aortoiliac vessels leads to acute or chronic ischemia. [15] Atherogenesis is the developmental process of atheromatous plaques. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries leading to subendothelial accumulation of fatty substances called plaques.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Foot Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decreased arterial perfusion causes abate in peripheral pulses and patient comes to a risk of ulceration, infection with impaired healing rates and finally leading to chronic state involving gangrene and amputation. [15] It is important to remember that even in the absence of a poor arterial supply, microangiopathy (small vessel dysfunction) contributes to poor ulcer healing in neuroischaemic DFUs. [12] DM is associated with a near 3-fold increased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis, which is histologically identical to that seen in the non-diabetic population.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Foot Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] In India approximately 61.2 million people are diabetic and it is expected to increase to 101.2 million by 2030. [2] In addition, people with T2DM are often accompanied by complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. [3] Foot ulcers are the most common medical complications of patients with diabetes, with an estimated prevalence of 12-15% among all individuals with diabetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Review

A.T.L.¹

2017

WJPPS

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Diabetic foot problems are common throughout the world, resulting in major medical, social and economic consequences for the patients, their families and society. Foot ulcers affect 15% of diabetic patients during their lifetime. Foot ulcers are more likely to be of neuropathic origin and therefore eminently preventable. Infected diabetic foot ulcers are a major cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients and most non-traumatic amputations are associated with diabetic foot infections.The most commonly used classification systems are the Wagner-Ulcer Classification system and the University of Texas Wound Classification. The management of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) should be optimized by using a multidisciplinary team, due to a holistic approach to wound management is required. Based on studies, blood sugar control, wound debridement, advanced dressings and offloading modalities should always be a part of DFU management.Treatment of chronic wounds should be essentially directed against the main etiologic factors responsible for the wound. Amputations are usually the treatment of last resort but occasionally can be considered early to allow for faster mobilization and rehabilitation. This article will focus the causes, pathogenesis and recommended management pathways of diabetic foot ulcers.

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“…Around 60% of infected foot ulcers are headed by loss of lower limb, and becomes one of the most awful outcomes in diabetic foot patients. [15] …”

Section: Diabetic Foot Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Foot Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Foot Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Foot Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%