Diabetic Retinopathy among Patients with Prediabetes Attending the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Shrestha, Arjun Kumar; Suwal, Rinkal; Adhikari, Sikshya; Shrestha, Nirsara; Shrestha, Biju; Khatri, Bijay

doi:10.31729/jnma.8118

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Obesity is a significant social problem. It predisposes to the development of carbohydrate metabolism, hypertension, and ischemic stroke, which may increase the risk of developing retinopathy in people during prediabetes as well as those diagnosed with diabetes [ 133 , 134 , 135 ]. However, the findings from various studies investigating the relationship between obesity and DR have been inconclusive.…”

Section: The Role Of MD In the Treatment And Prevention Of Obesity An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mediterranean Diet May Be Protective in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

Bryl

Mrugacz

Falkowski

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The Mediterranean diet is recognized as one of the healthiest available dietary patterns. This perception results from its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and, also, on hypertension, diabetes, and cancer compared with other diets. Its impact on the course of diabetes is assessed in the available scientific literature; however, little information is available about its impact on diabetic retinopathy. The MD is characterized mainly by the consumption of fish, seafood, foods of plant origin, and fresh fruit and vegetables. It is also recommended to consume legumes, which are a source of folic acid, magnesium, iron, and dietary fiber. High consumption of nuts and unrefined grains is also recommended in the MD. Marine fish provide polyunsaturated acids from the omega-3 group. Olive oil plays a very important role, especially olive oil obtained from mechanical pressing. Additionally, olive oil contains vitamins E, K, and polyphenols. Polyphenols, which are present in a diverse range of vegetables, fruits, and seeds, have the ability to decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Resveratrol is naturally found in grape skins and seeds, as well as in peanuts and berries, and is a constituent of red wine. Resveratrol can inhibit increased vascular leakage and loss of pericytes and regulate the level of VEGF protein in the retina, thus inhibiting the development of DR. Consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, and olive oil may be correlated with a lower risk of diabetic retinopathy. This paper presents the definition of the Mediterranean diet and its influence on the course of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.

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Section: The Role Of MD In the Treatment And Prevention Of Obesity An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mediterranean Diet May Be Protective in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

Bryl

Mrugacz

Falkowski

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Several studies have reported associations between microalbuminuria and DR in prediabetics [57,72]. The association of retinopathy with dyslipidemia is varied, and there are reports published on the associations of hypercholesterolemia and retinal lesions (hard exudates) and also between hypertriglyceridemia-and diabetes-induced retinopathy [33,58,73,74].…”

Section: Comorbid Ocular and Metabolic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Retinopathy in Prediabetic Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sune,

Sune

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Among the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness globally, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important causes. There is increasing evidence of DR prevalence in the prediabetic population. This systematic review presents collective data on retinopathy in the prediabetic population. This review article aimed to estimate the reported prevalence of retinopathy in prediabetes, impaired glucose tolerance test (GTT) without diabetes mellitus, and the risk factors involved and to summarize it. Literature searches were done using the Web of Science, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane, EMBASE, and PubMed databases from inception to April 2023. Our search included the words prediabetes, DR, and risk factors. All searches were looked at for methodological quality and evidence. Thirty-one studies were included after the screening. Population-based data were used in 23 studies (82.1%). The prediabetic population screened was 10,539. The prevalence of retinopathy ranged between 0.3% and 20.9%, showing a median of 8.1% with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.2-11%, showing great variance in estimates due to the use of different screening methods, methods used for retinopathy grading, and study populations. Several studies compared the population with normal GTT with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and inferred that there was a lower prevalence of retinopathy in the normal GTT population (3.0%, IQR 0.3-7.4%) than prediabetes (6.7%, IQR 1.9-10.1%). According to this data, a greater retinopathy prevalence was found in prediabetic populations.

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Characteristics and risk factors associated with developing prediabetes in Saudi Arabia

Tourkmani,

Alharbi,

Bin Rsheed

et al. 2024

Annals of Medicine

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Objective Prediabetes is prevalent in Saudi Arabia and globally. It is associated with adverse health outcomes and complications. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with developing prediabetes in Saudi Arabia. Methods This is a case-control study conducted at the Family and Community Medicine Department at Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cases included individuals with prediabetes (prediabetes group), and the control group included individuals with normal HbA1c levels who were not diagnosed with prediabetes or diabetes. The data collected included sociodemographic data, clinical parameters, laboratory tests, and medical conditions. Results The study included 46,201 patients (16,029 patients with prediabetes and 30,173 in the control group). The age of the patients (mean ± SD) with prediabetes was significantly higher than that of the control group (47.22 ± 14.04 versus 36.12 ± 11.83, p < 0.0001). A higher proportion of men was noted in the prediabetes group compared to the control group (36.32% versus 26.54%, p < 0.0001). The body mass index (mean ± SD) was higher in the prediabetes group compared to the control group (33.76 ± 6.75 versus 30.16 ± 7.26, p < 0.0001). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed six independent risk factors associated with prediabetes. These included age (aOR [95% CI] = 1.067 [1.065–1.069]) and gender, with women at a lower risk compared to men (aOR [95% CI] = 0.695 [0.664–0.728]). Other independent risk factors included polycystic ovarian syndrome (aOR [95% CI] = 58.102 (35.731–94.479]), obesity (aOR [95% CI] = 1.265 [1.075–1.487]), cardiac conditions (aOR [95% CI] = 4.870 [1.024–23.154]), and hypertension (aOR [95% CI] = 1.133 [1.031–1.245]). Conclusions The study showed that several risk factors are associated with the development of prediabetes in the Saudi population. Addressing these factors can help prevent prediabetes, and consequently, its burden and further progression to diabetes.

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Diabetic Retinopathy among Patients with Prediabetes Attending the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

A Mediterranean Diet May Be Protective in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

A Mediterranean Diet May Be Protective in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

Prevalence of Retinopathy in Prediabetic Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Characteristics and risk factors associated with developing prediabetes in Saudi Arabia

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