Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview on Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy

Ansari, Prawej; Tabasumma, Noushin; Snigdha, Nayla Nuren; Siam, Nawfal Hasan; Panduru, Rachana V. N. R. S.; Azam, Shofiul; Hannan, J. M. A.; Abdel-Wahab, Yasser

doi:10.3390/diabetology3010011

Cited by 53 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Diabetes is one of the most prevalent pathological conditions affecting healthy living globally and is accompanied by multiple side effects [60]. It is reported that Diabetes mellitus is frequent in both the elderly and the young population [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactivity Guided Study for the Isolation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from Edible Seaweed—Ulva reticulata

et al. 2022

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Managing diabetes is challenging due to the complex physiology of the disease and the numerous complications associated with it. As part of the ongoing search for antidiabetic chemicals, marine algae have been demonstrated to be an excellent source due to their medicinal properties. In this study, Ulva reticulata extracts were investigated for their anti-diabetic effect by examining its inhibitory effects on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP-IV and antioxidant (DPPH) potential in vitro and its purified fraction using animal models. Among the various solvents used, the Methanolic extract of Ulva reticulata (MEUR) displayed the highest antidiabetic activity in both in vitro and in vivo; it showed no cytotoxicity and hence was subjected to bioassay-guided chromatographic separation. Among the seven isolated fractions (F1 to F7), the F4 (chloroform) fraction exhibited substantial total phenolic content (65.19 μg mL−1) and total flavonoid content (20.33 μg mL−1), which showed the promising inhibition against α-amylase (71.67%) and α-glucosidase (38.01%). Active fraction (F4) was further purified using column chromatography, subjected to thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and characterized by spectroscopy techniques. Upon structural elucidation, five distinct compounds, namely, Nonane, Hexadecanoic acid, 1-dodecanol, Cyclodecane methyl, and phenol, phenol (3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) were identified. The antidiabetic mechanism of active fraction (F4) was further investigated using various in vitro and in vivo models. The results displayed that in in vitro both 1 and 24 h in vitro cultures, the active fraction (F4) at a concentration of 100 μg mL−1 demonstrated maximum glucose-induced insulin secretion at 4 mM (0.357 and 0.582 μg mL−1) and 20 mM (0.848 and 1.032 μg mL−1). The active fraction (F4) reduces blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic animals and produces effects similar to that of standard acarbose. Active fraction (F4) also demonstrated outstanding hypoglycaemic activity in hyperglycemic animals at a dose of 10 mg/kg B.wt. In the STZ-induced diabetic rat model, the active fraction (F4) showed a (61%) reduction in blood glucose level when compared to the standard drug glibenclamide (68%). The results indicate that the marine algae Ulva reticulata is a promising candidate for managing diabetes by inhibiting carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and promoting insulin secretion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactivity Guided Study for the Isolation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from Edible Seaweed—Ulva reticulata

et al. 2022

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“…These events are observed in hypertension, obesity, aging, and other disease conditions with retinopathy. Moreover, it alters the physiology of retinal blood vessels due to the development of ischemia and hypoxic events [52]. Furthermore, it causes visual field defects in the affected eye or both eyes [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin Ameliorates Diabetic Retinopathy in Swiss Albino Mice via Inhibitory Processes of Neuron-Specific Enolase Activity

Subramanian

Thirunavukkarasu²,

Muthuraman³

2022

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Retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs due to microvascular damage in retinal tissues provoked by high blood sugar levels. The available drugs for DR are limited. Astaxanthin (AST) has anti-hypertensive, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties. However, the therapeutic effect of AST on DR remains elusive. The present study is designed to investigate the effects of AST on DR via inhibition of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) activity. DR was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg: intraperitoneal; and 20 μL of STZ: intravitreal) in mice. AST (10 and 20 mg/kg) was administered orally (p.o.) for 21 days. The DR associated visual changes were assessed at different time intervals via optokinetic motor response (OMR) and penta-maze (PM) tests. Blood glucose level as well as retinal catalase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), & neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were estimated. The reference drug i.e., dexamethasone (DEX, 10 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered for 21 days. The administration of AST showed significant ameliorative potential in DR. Hence, AST can be used as a natural medicine for the management of DR due to its potential antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and NSE inhibitory properties.

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“…As people's living standards improve and their dietary habits change, the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications has increased significantly. Among these complications, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent microvascular complication and a leading cause of visual impairment in the working-age population (44,45). DR can be classified into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) based on the severity of retinal lesions.…”

Section: Adma and Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of ADMA in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

2023

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Diabetic microangiopathy is a typical and severe problem in diabetics, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications have significantly elevated levels of Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). ADMA facilitates the occurrence and progression of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes through its effects on endothelial cell function, oxidative stress damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. This paper reviews the association between ADMA and microvascular complications of diabetes and elucidates the underlying mechanisms by which ADMA contributes to these complications. It provides a new idea and method for the prevention and treatment of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

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Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview on Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy

Cited by 53 publications

References 81 publications

Bioactivity Guided Study for the Isolation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from Edible Seaweed—Ulva reticulata

Bioactivity Guided Study for the Isolation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from Edible Seaweed—Ulva reticulata

Astaxanthin Ameliorates Diabetic Retinopathy in Swiss Albino Mice via Inhibitory Processes of Neuron-Specific Enolase Activity

Role of ADMA in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

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